Heroic Efforts

It should be emphasized that there are similarities with Buizynski s antineoplas-tons, which are said to be peptides. Could these certain peptides in fact serve as the particular antigens recognized by the T cells as described above in Hall s book  

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Testosterone and estradiol are present m the body m only minute amounts and their isolation and identification required heroic efforts In order to obtain 0 012 g of estradiol for study for example 4 tons of sow ovaries had to be extracted ... 

Although laboratory data regarding homogeneity, stability, effects of adjuvants, etc. may be available from the sponsor, this information is frequently not made available at the site of test substance application. A GLP deviation listed in the compliance statement may be the only realistic alternative without resorting to heroic effort however, it must be kept in mind... 

Fluorescent labeling requires care. Unless the protein is completely labeled, which requires heroic effort, incomplete labeling converts each protein into a complex mixture of reaction products. We find that the use of FQ as the labeling reagent and the use of an SDS-containing buffer produces extremely high-efficiency separations of labeled proteins. 

At the time, the medical community widely believed that pellagra was an infectious disease in spite of clear evidence that this was not the case. The hero in this story is Dr. Joseph Goldberger, aphysician in the U.S. Government s Hygenic Laboratory, the forerunner of the National Institutes of Health. Goldberger was correctly convinced that pellagra is a dietary deficiency disease. He made a heroic effort to persuade critics that pellagra was not an infectious disease ... 

The most common isotope of protactinium is Pa (tj/2 = 3.3 x 10 years), which occurs in pitchblende in the amount of 300 mg/ton, about the same as radium. The heroic efforts of British researchers resulted in the isolation of some hundred grams of Pa from the sludge left over from uranium processing without this supply, little or nothing would... 

The modern availability of sensitive experimental techniques using synchrotron radiation and atomic force microscopy, and fast computers for molecular modeling, has spurred recent intense interest in following the mechanism of polymer crystallization. In spite of the heroic efforts by the... 

Kato et al. (119) explored reactions of fulvenes with a variety of mesoionic heterocycles. Unfortunately, reactions of miinchnone 38 with several fulvenes afforded complex mixtures in each case, and no identifiable products were reported, although Friedrichsen and co-workers (120-122) previously reported the reaction between mtinchnones and fulvenes to give cycloadducts. Kato et al. (123) also studied the cycloaddition reactions of tropone with several mesoionic heterocycles. Despite heroic efforts, the reaction of tropone with miinchnone 38 was complex and could not be unraveled. However, as described later, the reaction of tropone with isomtlnchnones was successful. Wu et al. (124) effected the cycloaddition between a miinchnone and fullerene-60 (Ceo) to give the corresponding dihydropyrrole in excellent yield. 

We would like to think ourselves necessary, inevitable, ordained for all eternity. All religions, all philosophies and even part of science testify to the unwearyingly heroic effort of mankind, desperately denying its own contingency. .. 

We thank all the chapter authors for their heroic efforts in writting their chapters. Without their contributions this book would be incomplete. In addition, we thank Lloyd Goettler of Monsanto, who is past president of the Polymer Processing Society, for suggesting that we edit this book. Other friends and mentors who had a major influence on our work include Robert L. Kruse, Kishore Udipi, and Allen Padwa, all of Monsanto, and Professor John L. Kardos of Washington University. Professor Warren Baker, Series Editor, has been very helpful in overseeing this project. 

Finally, if it were not for the heroic efforts of my wife Katherine and the (relative) patience of my children William, Matthew, and Allison - aU of whom allowed me to spend a ridiculous number of hours hunched over a keyboard in a non-corn rnunicative trance - I most certainly could never have accomplished anything. 

Many proteins occur in minute amounts in the natural source, and their purification can be a major task. Heroic efforts in the past have used kilogram quantities of starting materials, and... 

Two French workers, Villard and de Forcrand, were the most prolific researchers of the period before 1934, with over four decades each of heroic effort. Villard (1888) first determined the existence of methane, ethane, and propane hydrates, de Forcrand (1902) tabulated equilibrium temperatures at 1 atm for 15 components, including those of natural gas, with the exception of iso-butane, first measured by von Stackelberg and Muller (1954). 

The field of nonlinear optics (NLO) is currently one of the most active in terms of research intensity and funding. However, despite many heroic efforts, both theoretical and experimental, the most common SHG-active materials that are in use today, potassium dihydrogenphosphate (KDP) and lithium niobate(V), LiNbO 3, were discovered when the field was in its infancy. Efforts now have to be concentrated on the development of processable, nonlinear optical materials, and this has to be achieved on a very short time scale. 

With heroic effort, one of the very first molecular mechanics calculations, on a reasonably big molecule (a dibromodicarboxybiphenyl), was done by the Westhei-mer group, ca. 1946, presumably with at most a mechanical calculator [2]. Molecular mechanics is genuine computational chemistry, but is far less numerically intensive than quantum mechanical calculations. Nothing remotely like the quantity and level of complexity of the calculations we see today would be possible without electronic computers. One can make a case that computational chemistry without the electronic computer was essentially stillborn, ca. 1950. 

The period during and about ten years after WWII saw the beginnings of the development of automatic computing machinery. Although early workers made heroic efforts in many calculations, computers allowed calculations of molecular structure that were far too tedious to undertake by hand or to expect reliable results. The new computers thus allowed many of the quantitative procedures worked out earlier to be checked and accepted... 

The media reported extensively about the heroic efforts of members of the police and fire departments and other rescue workers who responded to the destruc-... 

The recommendation is to try to make sure that the project does not alter the NPDES permit conditions. This may take some heroic efforts and add money to the project. This may be better than reopening the permit. 

Hundreds of proteins have been sequenced by Edman degradation of peptides derived from specific cleavages. Nevertheless, heroic effort is required to elucidate the sequence of large proteins, those with more than 1000 residues. 

It is an exciting time for natural products chemistry. Analytical tools are now available that significantly reduce the amount of sample needed for structure determination. Studies that required heroic efforts and years to isolate enough material for NMR spectroscopic analysis a few decades ago can now be done with two, three, or more orders of magnitude less material today. This not only makes natural products research much more efficient, more importantly, it opens up possibilities for entirely new lines of scientific inquiry, involving individual variation, population chemical biology, and much more extensive examination of the influence of genetic or environmental factors in natural product expression levels. 

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