Risks increased

An organic isocyanate (MDI or a pre-polymer) with a hydroxy compound. The isocyanates are potent respiratory sensitizers, the risk increasing with volatility... 

The relationships between the importance measures is based on the assumption that the systems are not reconfigured in response to a component outage. If this is done, the basic definition of the importance measure is still valid but there is not such a simple relationship. Disregarding this complication, some interpretations of the importances may be made. The Bimbaum Importance is the risk that results when the i-th system has failed (i.e., it is the A, term in Equation 2.8-9). Inspection Importance and RRWI are the risk due to accident sequences containing the i-th system. Fussell- Vesely Importance is similar except it is divided by the risk so may be interpreted as the fraction of the total risk that is in the sequences contains the Q-th system. The Risk Achievement Worth Ratio (RAWR) is the ratio of the risk with system 1 failed to the total risk and is necessarily greater than one. The Risk Achievement Worth Increment (RAWI) is the incremental risk increase if system 1 fails and the Risk Reduction Worth Ratio (RRWR) is the fraction by which the risk is reduced if system 1 were infallible. 

Importance - calculates and displays three importance measures, Fussell-Ve.scly, Risk Reduction Ratio, Risk Increase Ratio, for each event in the system, sequence, or end state. 

VIEW is the quantification module. All minimal cutsets are stored in the speciiic libraries for the fault trees, supercomponents and sequences. VIEW recalculates the point estimates. It computes and displays the Fussel-Vesely importance, risk increase and risk reduction measures. 

Dread, global catastrophic, consequences fatal, not equitable, high risk to future generations, not easily reduced, risk increasing, involuntary... 

A retrospective case-control study conducted in humans compared spontaneous abortion rates among women who had been exposed occupationally or nonoccupationally to trichloroethylene and other solvents to rates among women without solvent exposure (Windham et al. 1991). The authors observed approximately three times the risk of spontaneous abortion with exposure to trichloroethylene. This risk increased further when women with less than a half hour of exposure to trichloroethylene each week were excluded from the analysis. However, a consistent dose-response relationship was not observed, and most of the women were exposed to a variety of solvents, not just trichloroethylene. 

Asthma results from a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors however, the underlying cause is not well understood. There appears to be an inheritable component, as the presence of asthma in a parent is a strong risk factor for the development of asthma in a child. This risk increases when a family history of atopy is also present.13 Approximately 50% of asthma can be attributed to atopy, and atopic asthma is more common in children than adults.3 Furthermore, atopy in childhood asthma is the strongest prognostic factor for continued asthma as an adult.1,3... 

Altered vaginal flora allowing overgrowth of Candida organisms risk increases with duration of antibiotic use... 

As with many other disease states, a significant risk factor associated with ovarian cancer is aging. A womans risk increases from 15.7% to 54% per 100,000 as her age advances from 40 to 79 years, with the mean age at diagnosis being 59 years.2... 

So far there has not been any solution for this problem. In this study however, the problem is analyzed and explained. The risk increases with the soil depth, i.e., long casing. Some of the suggested principal solutions will solve the freezing problem by controlling, reducing or draining the pressure. 

Location Source Net Exposure Level Lifetime Cancer Risk % Increase in Cancer Risk Projected Cancer Deaths... 

The effect of diet on vulnerability to lead makes interpretation of published information on experimental lead poisoning in waterfowl extremely difficult (Chasko et al. 1984). For example, many mallards on a diet of com die within 10 to 14 days after ingesting a single lead shot, whereas similar birds on a balanced commercial duck ration appear outwardly normal after ingesting as many as 32 pellets of the same size (Wobeser 1981). Also, multiple nutritional deficiencies may have additional effects in potentiating the toxicity of lead in mallards (Carlson and Nielsen 1985). Under conditions of reduced dietary calcium availability, such as can occur in acid-impacted environments, birds risk increased uptake of lead (and other metals) and may accumulate toxic concentrations more rapidly (Scheuhammer 1996). Enhanced accumulation of lead was accompanied by an increased synthesis of metallothioneins and a greater inhibition of ALAD activity (Scheuhammer 1996). 

Lifetime cancer risk increases from drinking water and eating fish from 2,3,7,8-TCDD-contaminated waters ... 

In a reanalysis of 51 studies, less than 5 years of therapy with combined estrogen and progestogen was associated with a 15% increase in risk for breast cancer, and the risk increased with greater duration of treatment. Five years after discontinuation of hormone replacement therapy, the risk of breast cancer was no longer increased. 

The standard deviation can be used as a measure of risk. For example, if we pool the risk of random demands by several customers in one warehouse, the above formula indicates that the risk increases slower than the mean demand. It is therefore generally a good idea to pool risks. 

Among elderly women as much as 80% suffer from involuntary voiding of the bladder, urinary incontinence (UI). In the United States approximately 12.5 million people are affected by incontinence and a European study showed a prevalence of between 12% and 22% in all ages and an increase to 30-40% in ages over 75 years (Hampel et al. 1997). Women experience UI twice as often as men. Incontinence becomes more common in old age, with existing co-morbidity of all kinds and life styles (Box 5.5). There are different forms of urinary incontinence and they differ in cause and treatment. This problem causes not only personal distress but also a considerable cost for society as a whole (Jackson 1997). Lower quality of life is often reported in people with UI and the risk increases by the withdrawal from social interaction and participation in sports and other activities. An estimated cost for the care of patients with UI in the United States was approximately 26 billion dollars in year 1995 (Wagner and Hu 1998). Other studies have come up with a calculated cost that represents two percent of the total national health budget. 

Impaired balance and walking abilities Muscle weakness Use of fall-risk increasing drugs Use of polypharmacy (> 5 drugs)... 

Finally hold in mind that falls are frequent in old age and can lead to severe consequences, including sufferings both for the individual and the next of kin. Also the cost for the society of falls and fractures are considerable. Falls increase with the use of fall-risk-increasing drugs and polypharmacy and can be prevented by a multifactor approach including reassessing the medications used by older people. 

Falls increase with the use of fall-risk-increasing drugs and polypharmacy and can be prevented by improving the medications used by older people... 

Several of the individual problems and risks increasing and cumulating the risk for morbidity and mortality in the elderly are presented in this book. Each of them is presented in more detail elsewhere. Special attention should be given to patients with severe diseases, polypharmacy, high-alert medications, several prescribers, several acute hospital admissions, and low compliance. It is important to understand that the problems and risks are interconnected. One problem lead to another in a cascade, where the net benefit to harm relation, might be negative. 

Intakes that exceed the ADI will not necessarily result in any adverse effect because the uncertainty factors are designed to be conservative. In practice it is probable that most people could exceed the ADI by a considerable margin before suffering any harm. Nevertheless, the probability that an individual will suffer harm (risk) increases once the ADI is exceeded and so this must be balanced against the costs of control. Conversely, the level of risk below the ADI is never quite zero because there is always a residual risk that relates to the lack of absolute certainty in the methods used for toxicological testing. In some cases no adverse end-point can be identified, such as for many naturally-occurring compounds that are widespread in foods. In such cases an ADI Not Specified (ADI NS) is allocated. 

Although the risk for Down syndrome increases if a woman has had a previous child, there is no evidence that the risk increases if a more distant relative, such as a first cousin, is affected (choice A). 

A woman s lifetime risk of breast cancer is approximately 1 in 8, Breast cancer clusters in families the risk of breast cancer doubles for a woman with one affected first-degree relative (e.g., mother, sister, or daughter). The risk increases further if there are multiple affected relatives or if the relatives developed early-onset breast cancer. 

Cigarette smoking Cigarette smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular side effects from hormonal contraceptive use. This risk increases with age and with heavy smoking (15 or more cigarettes/day) and is quite marked in women more than 35 years of age. Women who use hormonal contraceptives should not smoke. 

Myocardial toxicity, manifested in its most severe form by potentially fatal CHF, may occur either during therapy with mitoxantrone or months to years after termination of therapy. Mitoxantrone use has been associated with cardiotoxicity this risk increases with cumulative dose. In cancer patients, the risk of symptomatic CHF was estimated to be 2.6% for patients receiving up to a cumulative dose of 140 mg/m. For this reason, monitor patients for evidence of cardiac toxicity and question them about symptoms of heart failure prior to initiation of treatment. Monitor patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) who reach a cumulative dose of 100 mg/m for evidence of cardiac toxicity prior to each subsequent dose. Ordinarily, patients with MS should not receive a cumulative dose greater than 140 mg/m. Active or dormant cardiovascular disease, prior or concomitant radiotherapy to the mediastinal/pericardial area, previous therapy with other anthracyclines or anthracenediones, or concomitant use of other cardiotoxic drugs may increase the risk of cardiac toxicity. Cardiac toxicity with mitoxantrone may occur at lower cumulative doses whether or not cardiac risk factors are present (see Warnings and Administration.and.Dosage). 

Isoniazid (child 10 mg/kg up to) 300 mg orally, for 6 months 15 mg/kg orally, for 6 months 15 mg/kg orally, for 6 months Hepatic enzyme elevation Hepatitis Peripheral neuropathy CNS (mild) Drug interactions Hepatitis risk increases with age and alcohol consumption. Pyridoxine can prevent peripheral neuropathy... 

---