Urine testosterone

Loraine, J. A., and Faro, L. C. F. Simultaneous Estimation of Testosterone, Epitestosterone, and Androst-4-enedione in Urine Testosterone, Proc. Workshop Conf., 1967 (Pub. 1968) 19-24 CA 71 407d... 

Bosy, T.Z., Moore, K.A., and Poklis, A. (1998) The effect of oral dehydroepiandrosterone (DHLA) on the urine testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) ratio in human male volunteers. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 22, 455-459. 

A -3-Ketosteroids, e.g. testosterone and epi-testosterone in urine I80°C, 20 min Pale blue induced fluorescence (Xfl = 440 nm) for A -3-ketosteroids, detection limit 5 ng. 

The determinants of F. have been subject to experimentation mostly in field and captive studies of ungulates. These support the expected association between the frequency and occurrence of Flehmen and the seasonality of reproduction. The elicitation of F. can also depend upon the social context presentation of urine or other stimuli alone may not produce consistent displays. When conspecific urine was tested out of context (i.e. no female present) in male Black-tailed deer, there was no discrimination between urine from individual adult males or between urine from estrous/non-estrous females (Altieri, 1980). Correlation of male endocrine status in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) showed that the elevation of testosterone during rut and the duration of F. elicited by female urine was coincident F. bouts during rat were twice as long following exposure to adult female urine as to that of immature females (Mossing and Damber, 1981). 

The influence of gonadal hormones on prepubertal animals suggests some steroidal sensitivity in adults with regard to F. elicitation. Young male sheep are induced to perform F. in response to exogenous T and to 17-p-estradiol F. in female red deer is also sensitive to T injections (Parrott, 1978 Fletcher, 1978). Sex differences can interact with the hormonal state where social conditions vary. Female cats (intact) display F. to urine marks only in the absence of males testosterone propionate induced F. in spayed females towards estrous females (Verbeme, 1976 Hart and Leedy, 1987), whereas an ovarian hormone (estradiol) failed to elicit F. to males (intact, and sexually inactive), presumably indicative of social inhibition overriding steroid facilitation. 

Fig. 7.11 Inhibitory effect of alpha-Male urine on plasma Testosterone [T. ng/ml]. Exposure to urinary fractions in isolated (subordinate) male Mouse lemurs (N = 10) vs. castrate/adrenalectomised Ss, p < 0.001 vs. control (from Perret, 1995).

Purvis K. and Haynes N. (1978). Odours of female rat urine on plasma testosterone in male rats. J Reprod Fertil 53, 63-65. 

A complete physical examination and laboratory analysis are needed to rule out secondary causes and to assess kyphosis and back pain. Laboratory testing may include complete blood count, liver function tests, creatinine, urea nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, free testosterone, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and 24-hour urine concentrations of calcium and phosphorus. Urine or serum biomarkers (e.g., cross-linked N-telopeptides of type 1 collagen, osteocalcin) are sometimes used. 

Novotny, M., Schwende, F.J., Wiesler, D., Jorgenson, J.W. and Carmack, M. (1984) Identification of a testosterone-dependent unique volatile constituent of male mouse urine 7-exo-ethyl-5-methyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]-3-octene. Experientia 40, 217-219. 

Urine composition depends on testosterone, as in male mice (Schwende etal, 1986) and the wolf, Canis lupus (Raymer etal., 1986). In the wolf, these volatiles signal both sex and sexual maturity (Raymer eta/., 1986). Similarly, composition of female urine changes with the estrus cycle (Schwende etal., 1986). 

At the endocrinological level, the VNO mediates the surge of luteinizing hormone and testosterone in males after exposure to females. This surge does not occur if a male with deafiferentiated VNO is exposed to an anesthetized female or her urine (Wysocki etal., 1983). But VNO-deafferentiated males will show a surge in luteinizing hormone in response to awake females (Coquelin etal., 1984). In female mice, stimulation of the VNO by male urinary cues activates the limbic system (discussed in Ch. 8). The roles of the VNO in the behavior of some rodents are listed in Table 5.3. 

Thresholds of the olfactory receptors of male goldfish are 35 pg/ml water for the prostaglandin F2a, and 100 times less for its 15-keto-derivative. The males receptor threshold for 17,20-progesterone (from females) is a tiny fraction of 1 pg/ml water. Three grams (one teaspoonful) would provide an abovethreshold stimulus when diluted in 500 x 500 x 500 m water (Bjerselius and Olsen, 1993). In lampreys, testosterone from males attracts females at a concentration of 29 pg/ml water but urine with a testosterone concentration of 29 X 10 pg/ml is active (Adams etal., 1987). 

Sex differences in olfactory performance have been described for many mammals, implying hormonal differences. In domestic cats, as in other species, males typically perform flehmen in response to conspecific urine. But spayed females can be stimulated to show flehmen by administering testosterone. If paired with estrogen-treated females, they frequently inspect the genital area of the female partner and subsequently exhibit flehmen. Males flehmen in 80% of the time to either female or male urine that is applied to the naso-oral surface. Testosterone-treated females flehmen to 90% of the male urine samples, and to 70% of those from females (Hart and Leedy, 1987). 

The concentrations of 16 constituents of male mouse urine vary with the male s dominance status. Dihydrofurans, ketones, and acetates decreased in subordinates. Two sesquiterpene compounds, a- and /3-farnesene, are elevated in dominants urine 1 week after establishing dominance. The bladder or voided urine of dominants contains more 2-5ec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole. Four compounds depend on hormones a- and /5-farnesene, dehydro-exo-brevicomin, and 2-5cc -butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole. The latter two are absent in urine of immature or castrated males, and testosterone treatment restores their presence. In addition, a-and /3-farnesene do not occur in urine of immature males and are merely reduced in urine of castrates. They are not found in bladder urine and originate in the preputial glands (Harvey etal., 1989). While subordinate male mice have reduced levels of farnesenes, levels of their major urinary proteins remain high (Malone etal, 2001). 

Testosterone, lljS-hydroxytestosterone, and a polyene alcohol, probably far-nesol, were found in the urine of male yellowfin Baikal sculpin (C. grewingkt). Synthesized in the testes, these compounds are excreted with milt (Katsel etal., 1992). 

The Asian elephant has farnesol, 4-ethylphenol and 4-methylphenol in its temporal gland secretion while the African elephant has only 4-methylphenol. Farnesol levels are inversely related to testosterone levels (Rasmussen and Perrin, 1999). Preovulatory female urine contains (Z)-7-dodecen-l-yl acetate (Rasmussen etal, 1996). 

Female rainbow trout, Oncorhynchusmykiss, also release in their urine 17,20jSP. As in goldfish, this pheromone increases the plasma levels of gonadotropin II and testosterone in spermiating males Scott etal, 1994). Levels of 17,20jSP rises within 1 hour of exposure and peak at 3-4 hours. Milt production also increases (Vermeirssenetfl /., 1997). 

In mice, strange females or their urine increase the levels of plasma testosterone in males (Macrides etal., 1975). Experienced male golden hamsters, on the other hand, do not depend on specific pheromonal odors for this testosterone surge induced by estrous females. Other cues, possibly learned odors from a female, perceived via the main olfactory system, appear to activate the neuroendocrine refiex that results in increased testosterone release (Johnston, 2001). 

Metabolism/Excretion-There are considerable variations in the reported half-life of testosterone, ranging from 10 to 100 minutes. The half-life of testosterone cypionate IM is approximately 8 days for oral fluoxymesterone, it is approximately 9.2 hours and for methyltestosterone it is 2.5 to 3 hours. Inactivation of testosterone occurs primarily in the liver. About 90% of a testosterone dose is excreted in the urine as conjugates of testosterone and its metabolites about 6% of a dose is excreted in the feces. 

If you re an athlete and get tested for steroids, you can still use anabolic steroids and possibly beat the cutoff. The body naturally produces testosterone (a steroid), and small amounts of testosterone show up in urine by default. Some athletes are able to keep their steroid intake low enough to... 

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