Testosterone in urine

A -3-Ketosteroids, e.g. testosterone and epi-testosterone in urine I80°C, 20 min Pale blue induced fluorescence (Xfl = 440 nm) for A -3-ketosteroids, detection limit 5 ng. 

The possibility of preliminary isolation of substances under analysis in the form of hydrazones is frequently utilized in the determination of ketosteroids in complex mixtures such as biological materials. In this form they are even sometimes subjected directly to GC analysis. Charransol et al. [378] determined androstanediol and testosterone in urine. After hydrolysis the sample was extracted with methylene chloride, evaporated and treated with Girard T reagent. Free hydroxysteroids were extracted with diethyl ether and... 

The most infamous case is that of American cyclist Floyd Landis. The story begins on July 20, 2006, when Landis won section 17 of the Tour de France. He was required to undergo a doping test following the race. The level of testosterone in urine is determined by a method called GC-MS (Gas Chromatography— Mass Spectrometry), and is often referred to as the T/E test. Here, T means testosterone, whereas E stands for epitestosterone, which is a variant of the hormone that occurs in the body but has none of its effects. In most humans, the T/E ratio is about 1. The... 

Gas Chromatographic Determination of Testosterone in Urine Z. Klin. Chem. Klin. Biochem. 8(3) 221-224 (1970) CA 73 63022m... 

Gas Chromatographic Determination of Testosterone in Urine Arzneim.-Forsch. 19(5) 761-764 (1969) CA 71 57102e... 

Intracellular Testosterone Metabolism. Quantitative Determination of Testosterone in Urine Symp. Deut. Ges. Endokrinol. 13 32-51 (1967) (Pub. 1968) CA 69 33249r... 

Purvis K. and Haynes N. (1978). Odours of female rat urine on plasma testosterone in male rats. J Reprod Fertil 53, 63-65. 

At the endocrinological level, the VNO mediates the surge of luteinizing hormone and testosterone in males after exposure to females. This surge does not occur if a male with deafiferentiated VNO is exposed to an anesthetized female or her urine (Wysocki etal., 1983). But VNO-deafferentiated males will show a surge in luteinizing hormone in response to awake females (Coquelin etal., 1984). In female mice, stimulation of the VNO by male urinary cues activates the limbic system (discussed in Ch. 8). The roles of the VNO in the behavior of some rodents are listed in Table 5.3. 

The concentrations of 16 constituents of male mouse urine vary with the male s dominance status. Dihydrofurans, ketones, and acetates decreased in subordinates. Two sesquiterpene compounds, a- and /3-farnesene, are elevated in dominants urine 1 week after establishing dominance. The bladder or voided urine of dominants contains more 2-5ec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole. Four compounds depend on hormones a- and /5-farnesene, dehydro-exo-brevicomin, and 2-5cc -butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole. The latter two are absent in urine of immature or castrated males, and testosterone treatment restores their presence. In addition, a-and /3-farnesene do not occur in urine of immature males and are merely reduced in urine of castrates. They are not found in bladder urine and originate in the preputial glands (Harvey etal., 1989). While subordinate male mice have reduced levels of farnesenes, levels of their major urinary proteins remain high (Malone etal, 2001). 

Female rainbow trout, Oncorhynchusmykiss, also release in their urine 17,20jSP. As in goldfish, this pheromone increases the plasma levels of gonadotropin II and testosterone in spermiating males Scott etal, 1994). Levels of 17,20jSP rises within 1 hour of exposure and peak at 3-4 hours. Milt production also increases (Vermeirssenetfl /., 1997). 

In mice, strange females or their urine increase the levels of plasma testosterone in males (Macrides etal., 1975). Experienced male golden hamsters, on the other hand, do not depend on specific pheromonal odors for this testosterone surge induced by estrous females. Other cues, possibly learned odors from a female, perceived via the main olfactory system, appear to activate the neuroendocrine refiex that results in increased testosterone release (Johnston, 2001). 

If you re an athlete and get tested for steroids, you can still use anabolic steroids and possibly beat the cutoff. The body naturally produces testosterone (a steroid), and small amounts of testosterone show up in urine by default. Some athletes are able to keep their steroid intake low enough to... 

Mechanism of Action A synthetic testosterone derivative that promotes growth and development of male sex organs, maintains secondary sex characteristics in androgen-deficient males. Therapeutic Effect Androgenic and anabolic actions. Pharmacokinetics Well absorbed from fhe gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Protein binding 94%-97%. Metabolized in liver. Primarily excreted in urine. Unknown if removed by hemodialysis. Half-life 5-13 hr. 

The major pathway for the degradation of testosterone in humans occurs in the liver, with the reduction of the double bond and ketone in the A ring, as is seen in other steroids with a A4-ketone configuration in the A ring. This leads to the production of inactive substances such as androsterone and etiocholanolone that are then conjugated and excreted in the urine. 

A survey carried out in Austria between 1991 and 1993 demonstrated that the incidence of residues of veterinary drugs and hormones in edible tissues of slaughtered animals was almost negligible (7). In particular, urine samples obtained from calves, cows, and swine were tested for the presence of residues of stilbenes, zeranol, trenbolone and 19-nortestosterone. Blood samples were examined for 17- -estradiol and 17- -testosterone. Furthermore, urine samples from calves, beef cattle, and thyroid gland specimens were tested for the presence of -agonists and thyreostatic substances. None of the samples gave evidence of illegal use of these substances in Austria. 

Despite the distinct advantages of pneumatic nebulizers, ultrasonic nebulizers may alternatively be used, in some instances, with success. In a recent application, a variation of ultrasonic nebulizer called spray nozzle-rotating disk FTIR interface was successfully applied to confirm the presence of methyltestosterone, testosterone, fluoxymesterone, epitestosterone, and estradiol and testosterone cyp-ionate in urine, after solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase LC separation (151). Using a commercial infrared microscopy spectrometer, usable spectra from 5 ng steroid deposits could be readily obtained. To achieve success with this interface, phosphate buffers in the mobile phase were not used because these nonvolatile salts accumulate on the collection disk and their spectra tend to swamp out small mass deposits. Another limitation of the method was that only nonvolatile analytes could be analyzed because volatile compounds simply evaporated off the collection-disk surface prior to scanning. 

In the human female, whose pituitary hormones may be suppressed by the use of oral contraceptives, the ratio of testosterone to creatinine in urine may be used. Alternatively, a method suitable for both males and females is to measure the ratio of total testosterone to epitestosterone using gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. In this method, the bis(trimethylsilyl) derivative is formed and the intensity of the molecular ions at m/z 432, under electron impact conditions for both of the steroid derivatives, is used to determine the ratio (M. Donike and J. Zimmermann, J. Chromat, 1980, 202, 483-486). The internationally accepted limit for the ratio is currently 6. 

The metabolism of 17)3-hydroxy-l-methyl-A -androstene-3-one is markedly different from that of testosterone. In addition to the large amount of unchanged compound, small amounts of l-methyl-A -andro-stene-3,17-dione and la-methyl-androstane-3,17-dione also are excreted in the urine, but the 1-methylated androsterone or etiocholane derivatives are not found [275]. 

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