Estrogen Estradiol

Testosterone promotes muscle growth deepening of the voice the growth of body hair and other male secondary sex characteristics Testosterone is formed from cholesterol and IS the biosynthetic precursor of estradiol the principal female sex hormone or estrogen Estradiol is a key substance m the regulation of the menstrual cycle and the reproductive process It is the hormone most responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics... 

Transdermal Estrogens Estradiol patch (Alora , Climara , Esclim , 0.025-0.05 mg, changed... 

A series of experiments was also conducted by Bowman et al. [34] to ascertain the effects of differing environmental factors on the sediment-water interactions of natural estrogens (estradiol and estrone) under estuarine conditions. Sorption onto sediment particles was in this case relatively slow, with sorption equilibrium being reached in about 10 and 170 h for estrone and estradiol, respectively. On the other hand, true partition coefficients calculated on colloids were found to be around two orders of magnitude greater that those on sediment particles. Hence, it was concluded that under estuarine conditions, and in comparison to other more hydrophobic compounds, both estrone and estradiol... 

In STP effluents, total extractable estrogens and conjugates have been detected at levels up to 1 /jg/L [9,11,26]. Despite the wide variability in terms of removal efficiency reported for different WWTPs, a general trend has been observed with respect to the identity of the compounds most frequently detected in WWTP effluents. Thus, of the various compounds most commonly monitored - namely, estradiol, its metabolites estriol and estrone, and the synthetic estrogen ethynylestradiol - estrone is the most ubiquitous both in WWTP effluents and in environmental waters in general, while the most potent estrogens estradiol and ethynylestradiol have only occasionally been detected [26,40-42]. As for the conjugates, the very few studies that have attempted their determination pointed out estrone sulfates as the most abundant, while glu-curonides are most often found below the limit of detection [26,36,38,39]. 

Estrogens Estradiol Estriol Estrone Ethynylestradiol Mestranol Contraceptive... 

Estrogens, oral conjugated estrogens estradiol-17P estropipate ethinyl estradiol... 

Estrogens, vaginal preparations conjugated estrogens estradiol... 

ESTROGENS (Estradiol being the most important) ORIGIN Ovary STRUCTURE Steroid... 

Catechol estrogens are formed from the naturally occurring estrogens (estradiol-17)S and estrone) in the central nervous system (e.g., hypothalamus and cerebral cortex) and the anterior pituitary and to a lesser extent in other organs. 17)S-Oxidoreductase and cytochrome P450 (CYPlAl and CYPIBI) are enzymes that convert estrogens to catechol metabolites. 

Gonads Estrogens (estradiol) Maturation and function of reproductive system in females... 

A set of estrogens was selected based on their abundance in the human body, there estrogenic potency, and the extent of their use in contraceptive pills. It included the two isomers of natural estrogen estradiol (a- and (3-estradiol), its mine metabolites estriol (E3) and estrone (El) and synthetic 17-a-ethynylestradiol (EE). Also part of this research is the determination of bisphenol-A, which have endocrine disruption effect. 

Fig. 14.9. Crystallographically observed conformations of the synthetic estrogen diethyistiibestrol (a) and the natural estrogen estradiol (b) illustrate the overall similarity in relative position of the hydroxyl groups at both ends of the molecules. The DBS metabolites EPD (c) and ZPD (d) have twisted conformations significantly different from DBS. The extended conformation of the ZPD (e) is calculated to be higher in energy but is presumably responsible for the estrogenic activity of the compound...

Injectable Conjugated estrogens Estradiol Estradiol valerate (in oil)... 

Fig. 8.3 Yeast-based screen for agonists or antagonists of the human estrogen receptor. The hormone estrogen (estradiol) binds to the estrogen receptor which is expressed from a gene driven by the PGK promoter. The hormone-receptor complex binds to an estrogen-responsive element (ERE) that controls the expression of the p-galactosidase reporter gene. The assay measures the activity of the enzyme using a substrate that forms a colored product on conversion.

Hormone replacement therapy Estrogen component Conjugated estrogens, estradiol, estrone, eetriol Progestin component Progesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate... 

Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women Conjugated estrogens, estradiol, raloxifene... 

The natural estrogens, estradiol and estrone, are synthesized in mammals by aromatiza-tion of testosterone and androstenedione, respectively. Estrogens are biosynthesized in... 

---