Anabolic steroid

Anabolic compounds present in animal feed as an additive increase muscle tissue growth. Owing to a potential health hazard, some of these compounds are banned in many countries. Their detection can be achieved by the mouse uterus test or by a radioimmunoassay. Special receptor proteins which have the property of binding strongly to estrogens are isolated from rabbit or cattle uterus. The hormone-receptor complex is in equilibrium with its components  

The nonlabelled estrogens bound to receptor in the test sample will be competitively displaced by the addition of 17-P-estradiol labelled with tritium for radiochemical assay. 

To reach equilibrium, a suitable amount of receptor protein and a constant amount of labelled 

Anabolic compounds can be further separated by gas-liquid chromatography after derivatization of the polar functional groups, and identified by mass spectrometry. This method allows the determination of weak or nonestrogenic components too, but in the past it suffered from high losses in sample preparation and could not compete with radioimmunoassay in sensitivity. In the meantime disadvantages of the method have been eliminated. 

As athletics, particularly in the Olympic Games and among some professional sports, becomes so competitive, athletes may succumb to a temptation to use some chemicals to enhance their athletic performances. Widely used, such stimulants include anabolic steroids, narcotic analgesics, psychomotor stimulants, and, recently, erythropoietins. 

there are rapid, fairly accurate, and sensitive analytical techniques available to detect and measure these substances in urine or blood of the athletes suspected of illegal use. How about testosterone itself You have testosterone naturally in your body, and the testosterone injected is chemically the same compound. Can an athlete cheat and get away with it then Scientists discovered that testosterone can change itself into epi-testosterone (the positions of the OH group and the H atom (which is omitted in the figure) on C-17 on testosterone are interchanged). 

Therefore, under a natural condition there is about an equal amount of testosterone and epi-testosterone in the body fluid, blood, and urine. However, the extraneously added testosterone cannot be converted very quickly to its epimer. Hence if a urine test is conducted after (not too long after) one is doped with testosterone, the test will show an unusually high level of testosterone-to-epimer ratio. 

It has been observed that anabolic steroids administered to rats increased the activity of an enzyme, RNA polymerase in the skeletal muscle cells. This will result in an increased synthesis of proteins hence muscle building effects. 

The side effects of anabolic steroids include acne, testicular atrophy, reduction of sperm, and liver tumors. As we talked about elsewhere (Chap. 7), testosterone like other sex hormone is controlled by two hormones, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FH). LH stimulates the production of testosterone in special cells in the testes. When there is too much testosterone in the blood, the hypothalamus tries to reduce it by decreasing the amount of LH and FH it releases. Normal functioning of the testes for sperm production requires the presence of LH and FH. An individual doped with anabolic steroids may have enough testosterone in most of his body, but the testes are virtually shut down to produce sperms. 

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The pharmaceutical industry has developed and studied a number of anabolic steroids for use in vet erinary medicine and in rehabilitation from injuries that are accompanied by deterioration of muscles The ideal agent would be one that possessed the an abolic properties of testosterone without its andro genic (masculinizing) effects Methandrostenolone (Dianabol) and stanozolol are among the many syn thetic anabolic steroids that require a prescription... 

Some scientific studies indicate that the gam in performance obtained through the use of anabolic steroids is small This may be a case though in which the anecdotal evidence of the athletes may be closer to the mark than the scientific studies The scientific studies are done under ethical conditions in which patients are treated with prescription level doses of steroids A 240 pound offensive tackle ( too small by todays standards) may take several ana bolic steroids at a time at 10-20 times their pre scribed doses in order to weigh the 280 pounds he (or his coach) feels is necessary The price athletes pay for gams in size and strength can be enormous This price includes emotional costs (friendships lost because of heightened aggressiveness) sterility testicular atro phy (the testes cease to function once the body starts to obtain a sufficient supply of testosterone like steroids from outside) and increased risk of prema ture death from liver cancer or heart disease... 

Anabaena azollae Anabaena cylindrica Anabaena flos-aquae 0-anabasine [494-52-0] Anabasine [494-52-0] Anabolic steroids Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic treatment Anafranil... 

NaturaHy occurring and synthetic estrogens and androgens have been extensively and safely used to improve efficiency and carcass composition ia growing beef catde in the United States since the early 1950s. Several anaboHc steroid implants have been approved for use in beef catde in the United States, but only one, zeranol [55331-29-8] is approved for use in lambs. Anabolic steroids are not used for growth regulation in swine or poultry (see Steroids). 

Fig. 1. Chemical stmcture of naturally occurring and synthetic sex steroids used in commercial anabolic steroid implant preparations.

Classification of the anabolic steroids is based on chemical stmctures and associated actions. A review of the biosynthesis and metabolism of the naturally occurring estrogens and androgens is available (1). Names, descriptions, approval dates, and recommended doses of the commercial products are found in References 1, 8, and 9. Although steroids may be orally active, the FDA approved mode of adrninistration is the subcutaneous implant. Effective dose is lower with implant rather than oral adrninistration. 

In 1959 Clinton and coworkers reported the first synthesis of some pyrazole fused androstane derivatives and described their biological activity (B-76MI40404). Stanazolol (695) or 17-methyl-2iT-5o -androst-2-eno[3,2-c]pyrazol-17/3-ol was 10 times as active as 17a -methyltestosterone in improving nitrogen retention in rats (B-80MI40406), and its myotrophic activity was only twice that of 17a-methyltestosterone. It is used as an anabolic steroid with no lasting adverse side effects. 

Pharmacologically useful isoxazoles (B-82MI41600) include antibacterial sulfonamides (614), (615) and (616), semisynthetic penicillins (617), (618), (619) and (620), semisynthetic cephalosporin (621), anabolic steroid (622), the monoamine oxidase inhibitor (623) (used in psychotherapy), antiinflammatory agent (624) and antitumor agent (625). 

Anabolic steroid (Section 26.15) A steroid that promotes muscle growth. 

Anabolic Steroids Have Been Used Illegally To Enhance Athletic Performance... 

D. BaiTon, J. Barbosa, J. A. Pascual and J. Segura, Dkect deteimination of anabolic steroids in human urine by online solid-phase extraction/liquid cliromatography/mass specti ometi y , 7. Mass Spectrom. 31 309-319 (1996). 

Therapeutic Function Anabolic steroid Chemical Name 17/ -Aceto-3-oxoestra-4,9,11-triene-3-one Common Name Trienolone acetate Structural Formula ... 

Anabolic steroids increase muscle mass and strength. They are used by some athletes to enhance performance. 

The anabolic steroids are synthetic dragp chemically related to the androgens. Like the androgens, they promote tissue-building processes. Given in normal doses,... 

The uses of the various anabolic steroids include management of anemia of renal insufficiency, control of metastatic breast cancer in women, and promotion of weight gain in those with weight loss after surgery, trauma, or infections. Stanozolol is used prophylactically... 

The use of anabolic steroids to promote an increase in muscle mass and strength has become a serious problem. Anabolic Steroids are not intended for this use. Unfortunately, deathsin young, healthy individuals have been directly attributed to the use of these drugs Nurses should discourage the illegal use of anabolic steroids to increase muscle mass... 

Virilization in the woman is the most common reaction associated with anabolic steroids, especially when higher doses are used. Acne occurs frequently in all age groups and both sexes. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fluid and electrolyte imbalances (the same as for the androgens, discussed previously), testicular atrophy,... 

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