2- Tartrate

The levorotatory isomer of 3-hydroxy-A-methylmorphinan tartrate dihydrate (Levo-dromoran tartrate ) is a more potent analgesic than morphine with an approximately equal margin of safety, but is longer acting and has a lesser constipating action. Contraindications to its use, including the danger of addiction, are similar to those of morphine. 

Levorphanol tartrate is used for the relief of severe pain in cancer, trauma, colic, and myocardial infarction, as well as pre- and postoperatively. It is administered orally or subcutaneously in doses of 2 to 3 mg according to the age and weight of the patient and the severity of pain. 

The finely divided yellow sulfide polymer formed is then allowed to settle and the reaction liquor is separated by decantation. The product is washed by decantation five times with water and finally filtered by suction. The moist cake of polymer is then air dried. The yield is 988 parts including approximately 75 parts of magnesium hydroxide. 

After the hydrogen absorption ceases, the autoclave is cooled, vented, and the reaction mixture is filtered to separate the catalyst. The filtrate is then heated on a steam bath at 60-80 mm pressure to remove the dioxane. The less volatile residue consists of 1,933 parts of crude dithioglycerol, a viscous oil. 

2- Dithioglycerol is isolated from the oil by distillation from an oil heated pot through a short still. The distillation is carried out at a pressure of less than 1 mm and at a bath temperature of 120°-175°C, the dithioglycerol distilling over at a head temperature of 60°-65°C/0.2 mm or 75°-80°C/0.8 mm. Starting from 550 parts of crude dithioglycerol, 340 parts of distillate is obtained which contains 53% of mercapto sulfur and is nearly pure 

2- dithioglycerol. The overall yield of dithioglycerol from the glycerol dibromohydrin is 48% of theoretical. 

Chemicel Name N,N,9,9-Tetramethyl-10(9H)acridinepropanamlne tartrate Common Name - 

5 hours, agitation being employed during this operation. When the temperature reaches about 110°C the pressure commences to drop and is kept between the limits of 1,000 and 1,300 Ib/in by the addition of hydrogen. When the temperature reaches 125°C the pressure is raised to 1,700 Ib/in with hydrogen. The rate of hydrogenation increases as the temperature rises and the process is about complete when a temperature of 125°C is reached. 

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C. It is secreted along with noradrenaline by the adrenal medulla, from which it may be obtained. It may be synthesized from catechol. It is used as the acid tartrate in the treatment of allergic reactions and circulatory collapse. It is included in some local anaesthetic injections in order to constrict blood vessels locally and slow the disappearance of anaesthetic from the site of injection. Ultimately it induces cellular activation of phosphorylase which promotes catabolism of glycogen to glucose. 

Fehling s solution A solution of copper sulphate, sodium potassium tartrate and NaOH used for estimating and detecting reducing sugars. 

H02C(CH2)2C02H. Colourless prisms m.p. 182 C, b.p. 235°C. Occurs in amber, algae, lichens, sugar cane, beets and other plants, and is formed during the fermentation of sugar, tartrates, malates and other substances by a variety of yeasts, moulds and bacteria. Manufactured by the catalytic reduction of maleic acid or by heating 1,2-dicyanoethane with acids or alkalis. Forms an anhydride when heated at 235°C. Forms both acid and neutral salts and esters. Used in the manufacture of succinic anhydride and of polyesters with polyols. 

The swelling of gels is markedly affected by the presence of electrolytes, this effect being a minimum at the isoelectric point of the material. In general, sulphates, tartrates, etc. inhibit swelling, while iodides and thiocyanates promote the swelling. Thus gelatine disperses completely in iodide solution even at low temperatures. 

Finely divided lead, when heated in air, forms first the lead(II) oxide, litharge , PbO, and then on further heating in an ample supply of air, dilead(II) lead(IV) oxide, red lead , Pb304. Lead, in a very finely divided state, when allowed to fall through air, ignites and a shower of sparks is produced. Sueh finely divided powder is said to be pyrophoric . It can be prepared by carefully heating lead tartrate. 

Potassium Antimonyl Tartrate (Tartar Emetic). C4H40 KSb0,... 

Tartaric acid is noteworthy for a) the excellent way in which the majority of its salts Crystallise, and h) the frequent occurrence of salts having mixed cations. Examples of the latter are sodium potassium tartrate (or Rochelle salt), C4H40 NaK, used for the preparation of Fehling s solution (p. 525), sodium ammonium tartrate, C4H OaNaNH4, used by Pasteur for his early optical resolution experiments, and potassium antimonyl tartrate (or Tartar Emetic), C4H404K(Sb0). The latter is prepared by boiling a solution of potassium hydrogen tartrate (or cream of tartar ) with antimony trioxide,... 

Required Potassium hydrogen tartrate, 5 g. antimony trioxide, 5 g-... 

Add 5 g. of potassium hydrogen tartrate and 5 g. of antimony trioxide (each being finely powdered) to 30 ml. of water contained in a small flask, and boil the mixture under a reflux water-condenser for 15 minutes. Then filter hot, using a Buchner funnel and flask which have been preheated by the filtration of some boiling distilled water. Pour the clear filtrate into a beaker and allow to cool. Potassium antimonyl tartrate separates as colourless crystals. Filter, drain and dry. Yield, 5 g. The product can be recrystallised from hot water, but this is usually not necessary. 

Tartaric acid and tartrates also swell up, blacken and give an odour resembling burnt sugar. Citrates and lactates also char, and give off odours resembling burnt sugar. 

Sulphuric add test. Warm 0 5 g. of tartaric acid or a tartrate with i ml. of cone. H2SO4. Heavy charring takes place, CO and SOj being evolved. 

Reduction of ammoniacal silver nitrate. Add i drop of dil. NaOH solution to about 5 ml. of AgNO, solution, and add dil. NH solution drop by drop until the silver oxide is almost redissolved. Add AgNO, solution until a faint but permanent precipitate is obtained (see p.525). Then add 0 5 ml. of a neutral tartrate solution. Place the tube in warm water a silver mirror is formed in a few minutes. 

Fenton s reagent. To a solution of tartaric acid or a tartrate add 1 drop of freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution, i drop of hydrogen peroxide solution and then excess of NaOH solution an intense violet coloration is produced, due to the ferric salt of dihydroxyfumaric acid, HOOC C(OH) C(OH)COOH. 

Most are very sparingly soluble in water note however that methyl formate, methyl oxalate, methyl succinate, methyl and ethyl tartrate, methyl and ethyl citrate are soluble in water. 

Example. Heat together under reflux 0 5 g. of ammonium tartrate and i 5 ml. of benzylamine for i hour. Shake with water to remove the excess of benzylamine and filter off the benzylamide. Recrystallise from ethanol ... 

Derivatives. The precise identification of a compound normally depends upon the preparation of a derivative and the determination of physical constants such as m.p. in the case of a solid. Many simple compounds can, however, be identified with a fair degree of certainty by intelligently-selected qualitative tests alone, e.g., formates, oxalates, succinates, lactates, tartrates, chloral hydrate. 

Blackening with effervescence. Carbohydrates tartrates and lactates. 

Formation of silver mirror or precipitate of silver indicates reducing agent. (This is often a more sensitive test than I (a) above, and some compounds reduce ammoniacal silver nitrate but are without effect on Fehling s solution.) Given by aldehydes and chloral hydrate formates, lactates and tartrates reducing sugars benzoquinone many amines uric acid. 

Yellow coloration. Lactates, tartrates and citrates. (Oxalates give very faint yellow.)... 

Solution B. Dissolve 86 5 g. of crystalline sodium potassium tartrate ( Rochelle salt, C4H40jNaK,4H20) in warm water. Dissolve 30 g. of pure sodium hydroxide in water. Mix the tartrate and hydroxide solutions, cool and make up to 250 ml. in a graduated flask. 

Solution B. Dissolve 346 g. of sodium potassium tartrate (C4H40gNaK,4H20, Rochelle salt ) and 120 g. of NaOH in water and make the mixed tartrate and hydroxide solution up to i litre. 

Solution No. 2. Dissolve 60 g. of pure sodium hydroxide and 173 g. of pure Rochelle salt (sodium potassium tartrate) in water, filter if necessary through a sintered glass funnel, and make up the filtrate and washings to 500 ml. 

Successful results have been obtained (Renfrew and Chaney, 1946) with ethyl formate methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec.-butyl and iso-amyl acetat ethyleneglycol diacetate ethyl monochloro- and trichloro-acetates methyl, n-propyl, n-octyl and n-dodecyl propionates ethyl butyrate n-butyl and n-amyl valerates ethyl laurate ethyl lactate ethyl acetoacetate diethyl carbonate dimethyl and diethyl oxalates diethyl malonate diethyl adipate di-n-butyl tartrate ethyl phenylacetate methyl and ethyl benzoates methyl and ethyl salicylates diethyl and di-n-butyl phthalates. The method fails for vinyl acetate, ieri.-butyl acetate, n-octadecyl propionate, ethyl and >i-butyl stearate, phenyl, benzyl- and guaicol-acetate, methyl and ethyl cinnamate, diethyl sulphate and ethyl p-aminobenzoate. 

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