Cellular activities

Apoptosis is known as programmed cell death and represents also a control mechanism within the cell that reacts to the changes in its environment. This active cellular death process is characterized by distinctive morphological changes... 

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) promote target-cell destruction by activating cellular apoptosis or aggressively killing the target cell via the release of cytotoxic proteins. 

With animal cells, the whole virus particle penetrates the cell, being carried inside by endocytosis (phagocytosis or pinocytosis), an active cellular process. We describe some of these processes in detail later in this chapter. 

Butte, M. 2001. Neurotrophic factor structure reveals clues to evolution, binding, specificity and receptor activation. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 58(8), 1003-1013. 

Cabot MC, Zhang Z, Cao H, Lavie Y, Giuliano AE, Han TY, Jones RC (1997) Tamoxifen activates cellular phospholipase C and D and elicits protein kinase C translocation. Int J Cancer 70(5) 567-574... 

The higher antiaggregatory and antithrombotic activity can be explained by the fact that the NO-release from sydnonimines can occur in the blood plasma independently of the presence of activating cellular cofactors. The antithrombotic activity of C89-4095 has been reported to be inhibited by oxyhemoglobine, thus demonstrating a clear sGC- and cGMP-mediated mechanism for platelet inhibition. C4144 90 showed a... 

There is great interest in the mechanisms of cell death since better understanding might lead to therapy that slows the rate of aging and prevents or treats human disease. Two major processes of cell death have been described, apoptosis and neaosis other alternative pathways generally are variations of these (Formigli et al, 2000 Sperandio et al, 2000 Reed, 1999). Some of the intracellular events related to these types of death have been discovered (Reed, 2000). After exposure to noxious stimuli, the balance between antiapoptotic and proapoptotic influences can result in either survival or death. Many of these variable influences and the subsequent downstream concatenated events involve oxidation, which targets cellular components such as DNA, cellular proteins and membrane phospholipids. Our laboratory and others have studied the role of the redox-active cellular constituents nitric oxide ( NO) and membrane phospholipid... 

Alternative splicing can create proteins with varying enzymatic activity, cellular localization and regulatory activity. 

The Ca2+-dependent neutral proteases called calpains are found within the cells of higher animals. The 705-residue multidomain peptide chain of a chicken calpain contains a papain-like domain as well as a calmodulin-like domain.328 It presumably arose from fusion of the genes of these proteins. At least six calpains with similar properties are known.329 Some have a preference for myofibrillar proteins or neurofilaments.330 They presumably function in normal turnover of these proteins and may play a role in numerous calcium-activated cellular processes.331-3323... 

Kim G. M., Xu J., Xu J. M., Song S. K., Yan P., Ku G., Xu X. M., and Hsu C. Y. (2001). Tumor necrosis factor receptor deletion reduces nuclear factor-kappa B activation, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 expression, and functional recovery after traumatic spinal cord injury. J. Neurosci. 21 6617-6625. 

Beyond the effects of passive internal tension incorporated into the collagen fibers of the dermis and the active cellular contraction that is exerted also on the ECM, we must consider how external forces affect the behavior of skin. External forces acting on skin are transmitted through the epidermis to the dermis and underlying subcutaneous tissues (Figures 3.8 and 3.9). 

Wieder, T., Zhang, Z, Geilen, C.C., Orfanos, C.E., Giuhano, A.E., and Cabot, M.C., 1996, The antitumor phosphohpid analog, hexadecylphosphocholine, activates cellular phosphohpase D. Cancer Lett. 100 71-79... 

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