Tartrate liver

Butorphanol tartrate is a weak partial p-receptor agonist, 3.5-5 times as potent as morphine. The incidence of psychotomimetic effects is relatively low. The recommended doses are 1-4 mg intramuscularly every 3-4 h or 0.5-2 mg intravenously. Respiratory depression produced by butorphanol 2 mg IV is similar to that of 10 mg morphine. However, there is a ceiling effect for respiratory depression, and near-maximum depression occurs after 4 mg in normal adults. In healthy volunteers, butorphanol 0.03-0.06 mg-kg-1 produces no significant cardiovascular changes. However, in patients with cardiac disease, progressive increases in cardiac index and pulmonary artery pressure occur, and butorphanol should be avoided in patients with recent myocardial infarction. Butorphanol is metabolised mainly in the liver to inactive metabolites. The terminal half-life is 2.5-3.5 h. 

When calves were given orally a single dose of 5.9 mg radiolabeled mor-antel tartrate/kg bw, kidney contained 60 ppb, fat 20 ppb, and muscle less than 10 ppb of morantel equivalents at 7 days after dosing. In liver, the amounts of radioactivity were 495, 250, and 140 ppb morantel equivalents at 1, 14, and 28 day after dosing, respectively. Following conversion of residues to Al-methyl-1,3-propanediamine, the proportion of this compound in total residues in liver was found to be 59%, 54%, and 40% at 1,14, and 28 day after dosing, respectively. 

Morantel tartrate 556.425 N-methyl-1,3- Cattle, goat Liver (target) — 700... 

Acid phosphatases are produced by erythrocytes, the liver, kidney, spleen, and prostate gland. The enzyme of the prostate gland is clinically important, because its increased activity in the blood can be an indication of prostate cancer. The phosphatase from the prostate gland is strongly inhibited by tartrate ion, but acid phosphatases from other tissues are not. How can this information be used to develop a specific procedure for measuring the activity of the acid phosphatase of the prostate gland in human blood serum ... 

Beckman et al. (28) have studied the electrophoretic separation of the acid phosphatase activity in tissue extracts on starch gel at pH 8. They described four electrophoretic bands A, B, C, and D. Table IV (28) shows the distribution of activity in different organ extracts. The ABD pattern predominated in kidney BD in liver, intestine, heart, and skeletal muscle B in skin and D in pancreas. The C component was present in a large number of placentae but not in other adult organs. All four electrophoretic components were inhibited by d-(- -)-tartrate A contained sialic acid, D had a lower pH optimum and was more heat resistant than A, B, and C. Components C and D showed parallel electrophoretic behavior. In human skin fibroblasts grown in tissue culture, the acid phosphatase was generally high and the most common pattern was BD. Almost every culture showed some activity. The BD... 

Formation of a mixed chelate of antimony sodium tartrate with penicillamine (22) yields a nontoxic material suitable for intramuscular injection, that retains its antiparasitic action in schistosomiasis33. A similar detoxification of organic arsenicals was observed in the presence of penicillamine. Penicillamine also protects against liver damage by antimony sodium tartrate34. ... 

Tsutsumi, K., et al. 1998. Effect of cod-liver oil extract on the buccal permeation of ergotamine tartrate. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 24 757. 

The properties of these two components or isoenzymes of rat liver phosphatase were similar in many respects, but different in some. Thus, the molecular weight of each was approximately 100,000. With p-nitro-phenyl phosphate as substrate, the Michaelis constant was 0.091 0.007 mM for the crystalline isoenzyme and 0.047 0.004 for the PII component. The isoelectric points of the crystalline and PII isoenzymes were pH 7.7 and 4.5, respectively, as determined by the method of isoelectric focusing. The activity of each isoenzyme was completely inhibited by 1 mM l-(-f)-tartrate or fluoride at a concentration of 1.0 mM" p-nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate. 

Another procedure to increase the specificity of acid phosphatase determinations for prostatic disease has involved the use of n- (-I-) -tartrate to distinguish between the enzyme from the prostate and other tissues. In a series of papers from 1947 to 1949, Abul-Fadl and King (Al, A2, A3, A4) studied the properties of various acid phosphatases and reported that 0.01 Af L- (4-) -tartrate inhibited the hydrolysis of phenyl phosphate by human prostatic acid phosphatase dissolved in normal saline or in plasma to the extent of 95%, but had no effect on the hydrolysis by acid phosphatase from erythrocytes. The inhibitions of acid phosphatases from other human tissues were as follows liver, 70% kidney, 80% spleen, 70%. 

Normally, antimony is absorbed slowly when ingested or administered orally. Many antimony compounds are gastrointestinal irritants. The emetic antimony potassium tartrate is easily absorbed and, within 24 h, 50% is excreted in the urine (hamsters). Antimony can concentrate in lung tissue, the thyroid gland, the adrenal glands, the kidneys, and the liver. The trivalent compounds of antimony concentrate in the red blood cells and liver and the pentavalent compounds concentrate in the blood plasma. Both forms are excreted in feces and urine, but generally. 

Cause dermatitis, conjunctivitis and ulceration. Several salts (e.g. tartar emetic potassium antimony tartrate) have been used therapeutically as parasiticides. The dark cosmetic Kohl is finely powdered antimony sulphide. Stibine poisonous gas SbHj, produced by action of acid on antimony residues, such as can occur in storage batteries. Nausea, vomiting, colic, can be fatal. Stibine produces liver damage and jaundice, as does arsine. 

Cure for Liver Complaint. Take jr ounce each extract of taraxacum (dandelion) and tartrate of potassa 45 groins carbonate of soda 4 ounce sweet tioctnro of rhubarb, and G ouuccs spring water. Dose, a too-spoonful 3 times a day. 

Arsenic salts and arsines are extremely toxic, and uses of arsenic compounds in weedkillers, sheep- and cattle-dips, and poisons against vermin are less widespread than was once the case (see Box 14.1). Antimony compounds are less toxic, but large doses result in liver damage. Potassium antimony tartrate tartar emetic) was used medicinally as an emetic and expectorant but has now been replaced by less toxic reagents. Bismuth is one of the less toxic heavy metals and compounds, such as the subcarbonate (Bi0)2C03, find use in stomach remedies including treatments for peptic ulcers. 

Effect of levorphanol tartrate on ribonucleic acid synthesis in normal and regenerating rat liver... 

Most authors report higher tissue concentrations of antimony in the liver, kidney, and thyroid shortly after administration of antimony potassium tartrate to animals (Brady 1945, Westrick 1953). Unlike arsenic, inorganic trivalent antimony is not methylated in vivo but is excreted in the bile and urine after conjugation with glutathione... 

Vinorelbine tartrate (Fig. 42.35) is used alone or in combination with cispiatin for first-line treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer. This semisynthetic alkaloid is unique in having oral bioavailability (85), but it currently is available only for IV injection. The initial phase elimination half-life is on par with that observed for vincristine and vinblastine, and the terminal phase half-life is between 28 and 44 hours. Although dose-limiting granulocytopenia is the major adverse effect, potentially fatal interstitial pulmonary changes have been noted, and patients with symptoms of respiratory distress should be promptly evaluated. As with all vinca alkaloids, elimination is primarily hepatobiliary, and dosage reduction should be considered in patients with liver dysfunction. 

The metabolic fate of levallorphan tartrate in animals has been studied by Mannering and Schanker (16). Two metabolic products were isolated from urine, feces, and the liver of mice. One of the metabolites was positively identified as the N-dealkylated product, 3-hydroxymorphinan. The other metabolite was not identified until recently when it was shown to be (-)-17-allyl-3,6-dehydroxymorphinan by x-ray crystallography (17). The 3-hydroxymorphinan metabolite was also found in the urine of guinea pigs, rabbits, and dogs (16). 

Squalene 2,3-epoxide has been isolated from the green alga Caulerpa prolifera. Oxidation of squalene with t-butyl hydroperoxide in the presence of Mo02(acac)2 and di-isopropyl (+)-tartrate gave the 2,3-epoxide (31%) with an induced asymmetry of about 14% in favour of the (35)-isomer. The ability of oxidosqualene cyclases to accept unnatural precursors has been further extended by the observation that lanosterol cyclase from rabbit liver converts the synthetic epoxide (1) into the jS-onocerin derivative (2). An authentic sample of (2) was prepared by sodium cyanoborohydride reduction of /3-onoceradione... 

Determination of the acid tartrate-sensitive P. in serum is important in the diagnosis of prostate cancer, which is accompanied by a marked increase in the serum level of this enzyme. Measurement of alkaline P in serum is used in the diagnosis of bone disease, especially bone tumors, and diseases of the liver (hepatitis) and the gall bladder (e.g. obstructive jaundice), all of which result in a several fold increase in serum P. The isoenzymes of both acid and alkaline P. differ in their neuraminic acid contents. The most widely used substrate for P. assay is p-nitrophenyl phosphate the released p-nitrophenol can be determined directly by photometry (k , 405 nm). 

Viewing the fact that only a portion (but not all of the acid phosphatase) of the lysosomal fraction is readily released upon physical disruption of the lysosomal membrane by freezing and thawing or by hypoos-motic pressure, Baccino et al. (1971) suggested that at least two varieties of acid phosphatase were associated with the lysosomal fraction, the first being readily, and the other not readily, dissociable from lysosomal structures. This interpretation coincides with the earlier observation of Sloat and Allen (1969) who showed two varieties of acid phosphatase associated with lysosomal fractions of rat liver. One form is readily released after physical disruption of lysosomal fractions, the other form is associated with the lysosomal membrane and became soluble only with 5% Triton X—100 treatment. This membrane-associated enzyme accounted for 40% of the total lysosomal acid phosphatase, is heat-stable, and can be separated from the soluble form by electrophoresis. But these two enzymes have similar pH optima and a common response to inhibitions by L-tartrate, fluoride, alloxan, and formaldehyde. 

A comparison with the acid phosphatase (s) which may be increased in carcinoma of the prostate, Paget s disease, certain liver diseases, and hyperparathyroidism showed that the acid phosphatase of Gaucher s disease can be differentiated from the former with the use of various activators and inhibitors (Grundig et al. 1965). In contrast to prostatic phosphatases it is not inhibited by L-tartrate... 

Male rats weighing about 135 g were given ordinary commercial rat food with (controls without) 0.3% clofibrate for 10-14 days. Liver subfractions were obtained by conventional tissue fractionation techniques, except that EDTA (5 mmol/1) and 1-tartrate (25 mmol/1) were added to avoid degradation of CoA (3) during the procedure. Marker enzymes for the subfractions were assayed as described previously (2,3,4). 

Pyrantel pamoate has low acute oral toxicity with LD50 values in the range of 2000 mg/kg bw in the rat, mouse and dog. However, the tartrate salt, probably because of better gastrointestinal absorption, is more acutely toxic after oral administration with an LD50 in mice of 175 mg/kg bw. Neither the pamoate nor the tartrate produced any major effects in repeat oral dose studies in rats. The major effects in studies in dogs were slight elevations in liver enzymes and... 

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