Tartrate ion

Antimony pyrogallate, Sb(C6H503). Antimony(III) salts in the presence of tartrate ions may be quantitatively predpitated with a large excess of aqueous pyrogallol as the dense antimony pyrogallate. The method fadlitates a simple separation from arsenic the latter element may be determined in the filtrate from the predpitation of antimony by direct treatment with hydrogen sulphide. 

Discussion. Iodine (or tri-iodide ion Ij" = I2 +1-) is readily generated with 100 per cent efficiency by the oxidation of iodide ion at a platinum anode, and can be used for the coulometric titration of antimony (III). The optimum pH is between 7.5 and 8.5, and a complexing agent (e.g. tartrate ion) must be present to prevent hydrolysis and precipitation of the antimony. In solutions more alkaline than pH of about 8.5, disproportionation of iodine to iodide and iodate(I) (hypoiodite) occurs. The reversible character of the iodine-iodide complex renders equivalence point detection easy by both potentiometric and amperometric techniques for macro titrations, the usual visual detection of the end point with starch is possible. 

Grapes are one of the few fruit crops that contain a significant amount of the weak organic acid known as tartaric acid, HOOC-(CHOH)2-COOH. More than half of the acid content of wine is ascribed to tartaric acid. As a weak acid, tartaric acid partially ionizes in water to yield the bitartrate or hydrogen tartrate ion ... 

The luminol reaction has also been used for the CL determination of organic substances such as penicillins [32] and tartrate ion [30] in pharmaceutical preparations by their inhibitory effect on the luminol-iodine and luminol-periodate-manganese(II)-TEA system, respectively. As can be seen from Table 1, the results were quite satisfactory. In the indirect determination of penicillins by their inhibitory effect on the luminol-iodine system, the stopped-flow technique improves the accuracy and precision of the analytical information obtained, and also the sample throughput [32], Thus, in only 2-3 s one can obtain the whole CL signal-versus-time profile and calculate the three measured parameters formation and... 

Acid phosphatases are produced by erythrocytes, the liver, kidney, spleen, and prostate gland. The enzyme of the prostate gland is clinically important, because its increased activity in the blood can be an indication of prostate cancer. The phosphatase from the prostate gland is strongly inhibited by tartrate ion, but acid phosphatases from other tissues are not. How can this information be used to develop a specific procedure for measuring the activity of the acid phosphatase of the prostate gland in human blood serum ... 

Either Rochelle or Seignette salt is satisfactory. The tartrate ion serves to keep the aluminum ion in solution. 

Even in this case, the use of a hybrid process combining NF, IE, and ED appears to improve the economics and performance of the tartaric stabilization of wines. For instance, Ferrarini (2001) proposed to split raw wine into a retentate and permeate by NF. The permeate, being richer in minerals, was processed by using in sequence cationic and anionic exchange resins and ED to reduce its potassium, calcium, and tartrate ion contents. By recombining the de-ashed permeate with the NF retentate, Ferrarini (2001) asserted to obtain a stabilized wine retaining almost all the flavor and aroma compounds originally present in raw wine. 

Tris (ethylenediamine) cobalt (III) chloride was first prepared by Werner.1 Resolution was effected through the chloride d-tartrate which was obtained by allowing the chloride (1 mol) to react with silver d-tartrate (1 mol). The correct ratio of chloride ion to tartrate ion is important and this has meant that it was necessary to isolate the pure solid chloride, the synthesis of which has been described by Work.2 In the present method the less soluble diastereo-isomer is isolated directly and the expensive and unstable silver d-tartrate is replaced by barium d-tartrate. The addition of activated carbon ensures rapid oxidation of the initial cobalt (II) complex and eliminates small amounts of by-products of the reaction. 

Potassium Complexes with Pigment, Sulfate and Tartrate Ions, Am.J. Enol. Vitic. 1978, 29, 25-29. 

Figure 6 suggests that the viscosity of ionic polysaccharides in dilute d-tartaric acid (TA) and of nonionic polysaccharides in water (c, = 0.05-0.07%) are in the same general t),- — ci orbit at 28°C. A sample of CMC (0.05 g) was dispersed in 80-mL water in 100-mL beakers to which TA was afterward added to different molarities TA supplied the H+ counterion intrinsic to an ionic polysaccharide and the nonintrusive tartrate ion. The solutions were transferred to 100-mL Erlenmeyer flasks and brought to volume with water prior to dilution viscometry. Judging from Fig. 7, a molar concentration of TA approximating 0.35 ensures an r sp/ci minimum in a dilute CMC dispersion (ci = 0.05-0.07%). 

Answer First, measure the total acid phosphatase activity in a blood sample in units of /nnol of phosphate ester hydrolyzed per mL of serum. Next, remeasure this activity in the presence of tartrate ion at a concentration sufficient to completely inhibit the enzyme from the prostate gland. The difference between the two activities represents the activity of acid phosphatase from the prostate gland. 

A convenient resolution method was recently developed (123) which uses the specific affinity of the ion exchange resin Amberlite IRA 400 for tartrate ions. A column of the resin in the (+) tartrate form may be used to resolve many racemic compounds, including [Co(en)3]3+, [Co(pn)3]3+, [Cr(en)3]3+, [Rh(en)3]3+, cis-[Co(en)2Cl2]+, [(en)2Co(OH)2]3-Co + etc. It might be expected that the more readily eluted enantiomers in a series of analogous complexes should have related configurations, provided that adsorption occurs at the same sites on the column and indeed, (—)[Co(en)3]3+, (—)[Co(pn)3]3+, (—)[Cr(en)s]3+, and (+)[Rh (en)3]3+ were all eluted first from their racemic mixtures. 

As seen from the BCD spectra, the tartrate ion interacts with tris-diamine complexes along the Cs axis. In this case, however, steric hindrances for a A-[Co(en)3]. ..tart-- associate are drastically enhanced and Kd and Ki decrease compared with the values for associates with [Sb2(tart)2] dianions and other tartrate dianions. 

As seen from the DCD spectra of the A-[Co(sen)]3+...d- and Z-tart -systems, the Cs association is dominant. The small negative peak observed in the A-[Co(sen)]3+...d-tart2- system is caused by a weak association along the C2 axis. It is possible that the 0-0 distances in tartrate ion and the H-H distances in A-[Co(sen)]3+ cation fit best in the C3 association with I- and d-tartrates. 

HSAB - hard and soft acids tart - tartrate ion... 

In 1951, Johannes Martin Bijvoet used such differences in intensity, resulting from anomalous scattering by an atom in a noncentrosymmetric crystal, to determine the chirality (absolute configuration) of the tartrate ion. Details of this method, which has been used extensively for finding the absolute configurations of natural products and for determining macromolecular structures, are given in Chapter 14. 

Aldoses reduce Tollens reagent, as we would expect aldehydes to do. They also reduce Fehling s solution, an alkaline solution of cupric ion complexed with tartrate ion (or Benedict s solution, in which complexing is with citrate ion) the deep-blue color of the solution is discharged, and red cuprous oxide precipitates. These reactions are less useful, however, than we might at first have expected. 

The influence of a surface on an adsorbed species is well-accepted. The TA/Ni(l 10) system demonstrates how much the molecule can influence the behaviour of the surface. How far can an adsorbate like tartaric acid induce such effects Work by Switzer and co-workers on the electrodeposition of CuO films in the presence of tartaric acid showed that chirality could be induced in a normally achiral inorganic material [25]. In a standard electrochemical cell, a Au(OOl) crystal is placed in a solution containing Cu(II) ions, tartrate ions and NaOH. At a certain potential, CuO will deposit, as a thin-film on the Au Surface. Characterization by diffraction revealed that the deposited CuO film has no mirror or inversion elements, i.e. it is chiral. The chirality of the film is controlled by the chirality of the tartrate ions in the solution (/ ,/ )-tartrate yielding a chiral CuO(-lll) fihn while presence of (S,S )-tartrate produces the mirror Cu(l-l-l) enantiomorph. Switzer et al, by catalyzing the oxidation of tartaric acid, demonstrate that not only the bulk, but also the surface of the CuO film is chiral the CuO electrode surface grown in the presence of (/ ,/ )-tartrate is more effective at oxidizing (/ ,/ )-TA, while the surface deposited in the presence of (S,S )-tartrate is more effective at oxidizing (S,S )-TA. 

Two primary resolving agents for metal complexes are D-tartrate and antimonyl D-tartrate ions. Optical resolution is achieved using either chromatography (e.g., ion exchange with D-tartrate salt as the eluent) or by fractional precipitation. We will use this latter technique for resolutions. When a racemic mixture of a metal complex is combined with an optically... 

The tartrate ion forms a complex with aluminum ion and keeps it in solution. After Oppenauer oxidation of cholesterol in refluxing toluene and removal of most... 

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