Adrenaline tartrate

Synonyms. Adrenaline Bitartrate Adrenaline Tartrate Epinephrine Bitartrate. 

Administration of drug, route, 297, 304 Adona,430 Adquin, 954 Adrenaline, 321 Adrenaline acid tartrate, 321 Adrenaline bitartrate, 321 Adrenaline hydrochloride, 321 Adrenaline tartrate, 321 Adrenalone, xvii... 

Sodium metabisulfite may bind to certain active substances, such as prednisolone disodium phosphate and adrenaline tartrate... 

Effect of Adrenochrome and Adrenalin Tartrate on Mitoeie Average numbers of mitoses arrested by colchicine in 4 hr. in unit lengths (1 cm.) of sections 7 m thick of mouse ear epidermis incubated at 38°C. in 4 ml. saliue medium and an oxygen gas phase. Each figure is the average of 10 observations. 

To obtain some answer to this problem sodium pyruvate was next used as substrate, and again the results showed that both adrenochrome and adrenalin tartrate induced a powerful mitotic inhibition (Bullough, unpublished). Since the full and efficient operation of the respiratory processes is necessary before epidermal mitosis can develop at all, it therefore appears that both these substances must inhibit some postpyruvate step in energy production. 

The vasoconstricung efferts of adrenaline were first observed in 1897 in extracts from adrenal glands and the dmg was first synthesised in 1904. Adrenaline has one chiral centre and it was observed early on that synthetic adrenaline had half the potency of adrenaline isolated from adrenal glands since it consists of a racemic mixture of (—) biologically active R(-) adrenaline and the weakly active (+) adrenaline. Pure (-) adrenaline was isolated from the synthetic mixture produced by preparation of a diastereomeric tartrate salt (Fig. 10.2). The tartrate of R(—) adrenaline had a much lower solubility in methanol than the tartrate of S(+) adrenaline and thus it ccmld be selectively crystallised while leaving the unwanted S(-l-) adrenaline tartrate in solution. 

Adrenaline Noradrenaline Dissolve 5.0 mg in 1 ml of a 0.5% w/v soln. of tartaric acid and 4 ml of buffer soln. pH 9.6, mix, add 1 ml freshly prepared 0.5% w/v soln. of sodium l,2-naphthaquinone-4-sulphonate, mix and allow to stand for 30 mts. Add 0.2 ml of a 1.0% v/v soln. of benzalkoniumchloride soln., mix, add 15 ml of toluene previously washed with buffer soln. pH 9.6 and filtered through a dry filter paper, shake for 30 mts. and allow to separate, centrifuging if necessary. Any red or purple colour in the toluene layer is not darker than that produced by treating a soln. of 0.40 mg of noradrenaline and tartrate and 9 mg of noradrenaline free adrenanline acid tartate in 1 ml of DW in a similar manner. 

Warfarin sodium may be adsorbed to PVC and intravenous infusion sets but may be minimized with glass containers or polyethylene-lined containers. Warfarin sodium is incompatible with solutions of adrenaline hydrochloride, amikacin sulfate, metaraminol tartrate, oxytocin, promazine hydrochloride, tetracycline hydrochloride, aminophylline, bretylium tosylate, ceftazidime, cimetidine hydrochloride, ciprofloxacin lactate, dobutamine hydrochloride, esmolol hydrochloride, gentamicin sulfate, labetalol hydrochloride, metronidazole hydrochloride, and vancomycin hydrochloride.130131... 

Sympathomimetic agents, such as brimonidine tartrate, apraclonidine, adrenaline and dipivefrine hydrochloride, which is a prodrug for adrenaline), act on a-adrenoreceptors to induce dilation of the veins to reduce IOP. They also induce mydriasis (dilation of the pupils). Adrenaline may reduce the rate of formation of the aqueous humour, which in turn reduces the IOP it may also increase the outflow through the trabecular meshwork. Stimulation of alpha-2-adrenoreceptor (c -adrenoreceptor) by drugs such as brimonidine and apraclonidine on the adrenergic neurons supplying the ciliary body can also result in reduction of secretion of aqueous humour. 

Chlorproguanil Hydrochloride 333.3 Adrenaline Acid Tartrate Oxyphenbutazone... 

Mebeverine Hydrochloride 140-142 Isoniazid Aminosalicylate 147-152d Adrenaline Acid Tartrate ... 

Adrenaline acid tartrate (0.4mg/L in normal saline and packaged in polypropylene syringes) exposed for 24 hours to ambient illuminating conditions also showed no loss of potency (78). However, various epinephrine preparations may vary in their stability, depending on the form of epinephrine as well as the preservatives and packaging used. Hoechst (today, Sanofi-Aventis) claims that, according to their experimental studies, diluted solutions (0.2,1,2mg/L) of Arterenol (norepinephrine HCL) and Suprarenin (epinephrine HCL) are stable for up to 24 hours in polypropylene syringes, if stored without photoprotection. 

Drugs that contain two phenolic groups, such as adrenaline (epinephrine) and other catecholamines such as noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and isoprenaline are particularly susceptible to oxidation and have to be formulated at acidic pH. All of these compounds are white crystalline solids that darken on exposure to air. Adrenaline forms the red coloured compound adrenochrome on oxidation (Figure 8.10), which can further polymerise to give black compounds similar in structure to melanin, the natural skin pigment. Injections of adrenaline that develop a pink colour, or that contain crystals of black compound, should not be used for this reason. Adrenaline for injection is formulated as the acid tartrate... 

Figure 8.10), which, in aqueous solution, gives a pH of approximately 3. It is called the acid tartrate since only one carboxylic acid group of tartaric acid is used up in salt formation with adrenaline. This leaves the remaining carboxylic group to function as an acid. 

Mg. adrenalin Alone tartrate + 10 Mg. adrenalin Alone tartrate +10 Mg. adrenalin Alone tartrate... 

Injection of Adrenaline, B.P, Contains adrenaline acid tartrate equivalent to 0 10 per cent adrenaline, with sodium metabisulphite and sodium chloride. Oxidation with iodine is applicable for colorimetric determination. 

A direct spectrophotometric assay is satisfactory when the absorption characteristics of the adrenaline acid tartrate used are known. 

Dilute 3 ml of the injection to 100 ml with water. Measure the maximum extinction (E) of a 1 -cm layer of the dilution at about 278 mpi using water as the blank. Per cent adrenaline acid tartrate = E/2 x 100/A... 

Determine the adrenaline acid tartrate in solution B by measuring the maximum extinction E of a 1 -cm layer at about 278 m/i using N sulphuric acid as the blank. 

To 10 ml of the injection add 20 mg of sodium metabisulphite, 0 1 ml of freshly-prepared ferrous sulphate-citrate solution and 1 ml of the buffer reagent. Mix, allow to stand for ten minutes and extract with 10 ml of ether. Reject the ether after separation and measure the extinction at 540 m/i. Calculate the adrenaline content by reference to a curve prepared by treating suitable quantities of a standard solution of adrenaline acid tartrate by the same process. 

Compound Spray of Adrenaline and Atropine, B,P.C, A complex preparation containing 0 83 per cent of adrenaline acid tartrate. 

Figure 10.2 Racemic adrenaline and the (-F) tartrate salt of (-) adrenaline.

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