Acid tartrate-resistant

Diethyl tartrate is rapidly saponified by lead acetate, but ethyl acid tartrate resists saponification even when heated, according to Hartmann (1939). 

Kim MS, Day CJ, Selinger Cl, Magno CL, Stephens SR, Morrison NA. MCP-1-induced human osteoclast-like cells are tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, NFATcl, and calcitonin receptor-positive but require receptor activator of NFkap-paB ligand for bone resorption. J Biol Chem 2006 281(2) 1274-1285. 

Moreover, as expected disruption of genes coding for enzymes critical to the function of osteoclast such as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (Hayman et al., 1996) and cathepsin K (Gowen et al., 1999) also produced osteopetrosis. This complements earlier discussed spontaneous osteopetrotic phenotypes produced by interception of pathways generating either protons or chloride necessary for mineral dissolution. 

Hayman, A.R., and Cox, T.M. (2003) Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase Knockout Mice. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 18,1905-1907. 

Purple acid phosphatase (PAP) or tartrate-resistant phosphatase is not thought to be a protein phosphatase but it has a very similar dimetallic active site structure to that found in protein phosphatases. PAPs have been identified in bacteria, plants, mammals, and fungi. The molecular weights (animal 35 kDa, plant 55 kDa) are different and they exhibit low sequence homology between kingdoms but the residues involved in coordination of the metal ions are invariant. " There has been considerable debate as to the identity of the metal ions in PAPs in vivo. Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas, has been shown to possess two different PAP enzymes and the active site of one of them has been shown to contain one Fe and one Zn " " ion. Another report has established that the active site of a PAP from sweet potato contains one Fe " and one Mn +. The well-characterized red kidney bean enzyme and the soybean enzyme contain Fe " and Zn. Claims that PAP from sweet potato has 2Fe ions or 2Mn ions have been discussed elsewhere. One explanation is that these are different forms of the enzyme, another is that because the metal ions are labile and are rapidly incorporated into the active site, the enzyme contains a mixture of metal ions in vivo and the form isolated depends on the conditions of isolation. 

Halleen, J.M., Raisanen, S., Salo, J.J., Reddy, S.V., Roodman, G.D., Hentunen, T.A., Lehenkari, P.P., Kaija, H., Vihko, P., and Vaananen, H.K. 1999. Intracellular fragmentation of bone resorption products by reactive oxygen species generated by osteoclastic tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 22907-22910. 

The solubility of potassium acid tartrate (KHT) decreases with increased ethanol, and the increase in ethanol during secondary fermentation may cause KHT crystals to form. Young base wines, which have been tartrate stabilized by refrigeration only, often form crystals after secondary fermentation. Wines that have been refrigerated and ion exchanged are more resistant. 

Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase, Marker of Bone Resorption (TRACP, EC.3.1.3.2 5-TRACP)... 

HI. Halleen, J. M., Karp, M., Viloma, S., Laaksonen, P., Heilman, J., et al., Two-site immunoassays for osteoclastic tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase based on characterization of six monoclonal antibodies. J. Bone Miner. Res. 14,464-469 (1999). 

Bone enzymes are direct products of active osteoblasts (bone ALP) and osteoclasts (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase). 

Methods for the Determination of Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase... 

Serum should be immediately separated from erythrocytes and stabilized by the addition of 50 p,L of acetic acid (5 moi/L) per milliliter of serum to lower the pH to 5.4, at which the enzyme is stable. Under these conditions, TR-ACP activity is maintained at room temperature for several hours, for up to a week if the serum is refrigerated, and for 4 months if stored at -20 °C. Hemolyzed serum specimens are contaminated with considerable amounts of the erythrocyte tartrate-resistant isoenzyme and should be rejected. 

Panteghini M, Pagani F. Reference intervals for two bone-derived enzyme activities in serum bone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TR-ACP). Clin Chem 1989 35 181-1. 

Bone resorption markers are Listed in Box 49-5. N- and C-telopeptides of type I collagen (NTx and CTx) and deoxypyridinoline are most frequently measured. Other markers include serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and hydroxyproline. Bone resorption markers, apart from TRAP, were initially measured in urine. More recently, methods using serum have been developed for a number of these analytes including N- and C-telopeptides. 

Cheung CK, Panesar NS, Haines C, Masarei J, Swaminathan R. Immunoassay of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase in serum. Clin Chem 1995 41 679-86. 

Halleen JM, Alatalo SL, Janckila AJ> Woitge HW, Seibel MJ, Vaananen HK. Serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b is a specific and sensitive marker of bone resorption. Clin Chem 2001 47 597-600. 

Kraenzlin ME, Lau KHW, Liang L, Freeman TK, Singer FR, Stepan J, et al. Development of an immunoassay for serum osteoclastic tartrate resistant acid phosphatase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990 71 442-51. 

Nakanishi M, Yoh K, Miura T, Ohasi T, Rai SK, Uchida K. Development of a kinetic assay for band 5b tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity in serum. Clin Chem 2000 46 469-73. 

Price CP, Kirwan A, Vader C. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase as a marker of bone resorption. Clin Chem 1995 41 641-3. 

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