Emetics tartar

Potassium Antimonyl Tartrate (Tartar Emetic). C4H40 KSb0,... 

Tartaric acid is noteworthy for a) the excellent way in which the majority of its salts Crystallise, and h) the frequent occurrence of salts having mixed cations. Examples of the latter are sodium potassium tartrate (or Rochelle salt), C4H40 NaK, used for the preparation of Fehling s solution (p. 525), sodium ammonium tartrate, C4H OaNaNH4, used by Pasteur for his early optical resolution experiments, and potassium antimonyl tartrate (or Tartar Emetic), C4H404K(Sb0). The latter is prepared by boiling a solution of potassium hydrogen tartrate (or cream of tartar ) with antimony trioxide,... 

Tartar emetic, as its name indicates, can be used medicinally to cause vomiting. For the preparation of tartar emetic intended for medicinal use, pure antimony trioxide, free (in particular) from traces of arsenic, must of course be employed. 

This is a simplified formula for tartar emetic, for X-ray crystal analysis and infrared studies indicate that the. Sb is a part of the antimonate anion [Sb(OH)4] and forms part of a cyclic system. 

For the production of tartar emetic (antimony potassium tartrate [28300-74-5]), potassium bitartrate [868-14 ] and antimony oxide, Sb202, are added simultaneously to water in a stainless-steel reactor. The reaction mixture is diluted, filtered, and collected in jacketed granulators where crystallization takes place after cooling. Centrihiging, washing, and drying complete the process. 

Pha.rma.ceutica.ls. Tartaric acid is used ia the manufacture of fine dmg salts, as ia effervescent salts. Tartar emetic [28300-74-5] is used ia small doses as an expectorant ia cough symps. It can be used to treat infections caused by Schistosomajaponium. 

Tartar emetic was the subject of controversy for many years, and a variety of iacorrect stmctures were proposed. In 1966, x-ray crystallography showed that tartar emetic contains two antimony(III) atoms bridged by two tetranegative D-tartrate residues acting as double bidentate ligands to form dipotassium bis[D-p.-(2,3-dihydroxybutanedioato)]diantimonate [28300-74-5] (41). 

In 1912, however, (201) it was discovered that espundia (American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis) can be cured by tartar emetic. It was soon learned that kala-a2ar (visceral leishmaniasis) and oriental sore (a cutaneous form of the disease occurring in the Middle East) also respond to antimonial therapy, especially when compounds of pentavalent antimony are employed. Treatment of leishmaniasis with the latter type of antimonials is safe and effective in over 90% of the cases (202). In 1918, it was demonstrated that tartar emetic is of value in the treatment of schistosomiasis (203). Pentavalent antimonials proved to be less effective. The introduction of antimony compounds for the treatment of parasitic diseases is undoubtedly one of the important milestones in the history of therapeutics (see Antiparasitic agents). 

Antimony potassium tartrate (tartar emetic) has the advantage of being low in cost. It has been called the dmg of choice for Schistosoma japonicum infection (204) even though it fails to cure the disease in many patients. However, trivalent antimonials are no longer recommended for the treatment of helminthic infections because these compounds have an unacceptable toxicity and are too difficult to administer (205). 

Antimony compounds have been used to treat leishmaniasis ever since tartar emetic (antimony potassium tartrate) was discovered early in the 20th century to have efficacy against the mucocutaneous form of the disease. The cutaneous form has been treated with tartar emetic formulated in an ointment. Many side effects have been seen with this trivalent antimonial, some of which can be ascribed to the difficulty of obtaining pure antimony for its manufacture. These side effects include toxicity to the heart, Hver, and kidneys. Other promising trivalent antimonials have been abandoned in favor of pentavalent antimonials with lower toxicity. 

Brechungs-ebene, /. (Optica) plane of refraction. -exponent, m. refractive index, -ge-setz, n. law of refraction. -Index, m. refractive index, -k effizient, m. coefficient of refraction. -kraft, /. refractive power, -messer, m. refractometer. -verhaltnis, n. refractive index, -vermfigen, n. refractive power, -winkel, m, angle of refraction, Brech-walzwerk, n. crushing rolls (or rollers), crushing mill. >weln, m. (Pharm.) wine of antimony, antimonial wine, -weiustein, m. tartar emetic, -werk, n. crusher, -wurzel, -wurz,/. ipecacuanha, ipecac. 

Kaiium, n. potassium, -alatm, m. potassium alum, -azetat, n. potassium acetate, -bor-fluorid, n. potassium fluoborate. -brech-weinstein, m. antimonyl potassium tartrate, tartar emetic. 

Sb Sbln(tartarate) Antiparasitic, leishmaniasis Tartar Emetic Stibophen Astiban... 

AntimonyCIII) phosphate, 3 65 Antimony potassium tartrate (tartar emetic), 3 66 Antimony red, 3 44 Antimony selenide, 3 57 Antimony sesquioxide. See Antimony trioxide... 

Among the precipitants employed were tannic acid, tartar emetic, rosin soaps, fatty acid (stearic, oleic) soaps, sulphonated oils (Turkey red oil), earth lakes (mixed natural silicates), phosphates, casein and arsenious acid. The fastness properties of these pigments... 

Antimony trioxide occurs in nature as minerals, valentinite [1317-98-2] and senarmontinite [12412-52-1]. It is used as a flame retardant in fabrics as an opacifier in ceramics, glass and vitreous enamels as a catalyst as a white pigment in paints as a mortar in the manufacture of tartar emetic and in the production of metallic antimony. 

It is oxidized to antimony pentoxide, 86205 on treatment with nitric acid and forms potassium antimony tartrate (tartar emetic, KSb(OH)2 C4H2O6) when heated with acid potassium tartrate. 

G) T. Thomson F.W. Whitworth, USP 2304037(1943) CA 37, 2938(1943) (NC propint contg 1—5% of an antimonyl compd free from halogens and contg a combined alkali metal, such as tartar emetic, which serves as an antiflash 8c antifouling ingredient)... 

S. SeadUy dissolred by a hot solution of hydric potassio tartrate (cream of tartar), forming potassic antimonylic tartrate (tartar emetic). —... 

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