Eye drop solutions

After ocular instillation, aqueous eye drop solutions and suspensions mix with the tear fluid and are dispersed over the eye surface. The greater part of the applied drug... 

Pilocarpine is a widely studied peripheral stimulant of the parasympathetic system (101). It is used topically as a myotic to counteract the mydriatic effect of atropine and other parasympatholytic drugs. It has clinical value in the treatment of glaucoma when used as eye drop solutions ranging from 0.5 to 10% in concentration (102). Pilocarpine is reported to stimulate the growth of hair and therefore was employed in hair lotions (1). Internally, it was used as a diaphoretic in the treatment of nephritis (103). 

The medium-molecular povidones and above all the high-molecular grade, povidone K 90 are used as thickeners in oral and topical solutions and suspensions (viscosity curves, see Section 2.2.3). The use of povidone in suspensions is described in Section 2.4.6. The thickening effect can also be used to adjust the viscosity of solutions - oral drops, eye drops, solutions and syrups - to give a particular drip or flow rate. The thickening effect reduces diffusion processes in the solution, improving the stability of some active substances. 

Antibacterial Chloramphenicol framycetin Bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal Eye infections Eye-drop solution, viscous drops, eye ointment, liquid gel... 

Anti- inflammatory Dexamethasone, sodium cromoglycate Inhibition of inflammatory response Inflammation, allergic conjunctivitis Eye-drop solution, suspension, eye ointment... 

Mydriatics and Cycloplegics Tropicamide, cyclopentolate Dilation of pupil Examine the fundus of eye Examination of Eye-drop solution, eye ointment... 

Beta-blockers Timolol, betaxolol Reduce aqueous humour production Treatment of glaucoma Eye-drop solution, suspension, gelforming solution... 

Miotics Pilocarpine, carbachol Constriction of pupil Treatment of glaucoma Eye-drop solution, viscous eye drops, ocular insert, gel... 

Local anaesthetics Oxybuprocaine amethocaine Irreversibly blocks pain sensation Tonometry and prior to minor surgery Eye-drop solution... 

The mydriasis due to phenylephrine given as a 10% eye drop solution was prolonged for up to 10 hours in a patient taking guanethidine for hypertension. This enhanced mydriatic response has been described in another study using guanethidine eye drops with adrenaline (epinephrine), phenylephrine or methoxamine eye drops. ... 

For ophthalmic applications, properly formulated drug-loaded nanoparticles (DNPs) are reported to provide ease of application just like eye drop solutions, with the added advantage of being patient friendly, due to less frequent application and extended duration of retention in the extraocular portion. The drug may be attached to a nanoparticle matrix, or dissolved, encapsulated, and entrapped, giving rise to different terminologies as nanoparticles, nanospheres, or nanocapsules. " ... 

Keep your eyelids closed but without forcibly blinking. Firmly press your free index finger into the timer comer (near the nose) of the closed eyelids. This will ensure that the eye drop solution remains in the eye and does not drain away immediately into the nose... 

Dupuis A, ToumierN, Le Moal G, Venisse N (2009) Preparation and stability of voriconazole eye drop solution. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53 798-9... 

Table 18.3 Furosemide Oral Solution 2 mg/mL [7] Table 18.5 Tetracycline Hydrochloride Eye Drops Solution 0.5 % [9] ...

The formation of liquid drops when flow occurs through thin tubes is a common daily phenomenon. In some cases, such as eye-drop application, the size of drop plays a significant role in the application and dosage of medicine (such as eye-drop solutions). The drop formed when liquid flows through a circular tube is shown in Figure 1.18. 

Therefore, in the present studies measurement of the corneal sensitivity was performed with the Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer in experimental animals as well as in humans. The aim was to detect anesthetizing properties of Azelastine Eye Drop solutions and to evaluate the relevance for the treatment in man. 

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