Metabolic effects

FIGURE 23.22 The metabolic effects of insulin. As described in Chapter 34, binding of insulin to membrane receptors stimulates the protein kinase activity of the receptor. Subsequent phosphorylation of target proteins modulates the effects indicated. 

What would you expect to be the systemic metabolic effects of consuming unripened akee fruit ... 

AMP-activated Protein Kinase. Table 2 Metabolic effects of AMPK activation. In cases marked with an asterisk, there is evidence that AMPK mediates its effects by modulating the target named, although it is not yet clear whether the protein is directly phosphorylated by AMPK... 

Metabolic Effect Immediate target Immediate effects Tissue... 

Additional effects LDL-C reduction Increased energy expenditure Metabolic effects... 

Pollutants Increase of pollutant concentration and enhanced effects on the biota All groups Complex food web effects Diversity decrease Effects on metabolism Effects on material processing... 

Aspinall, D. (1986). Metabolic effects of water and salinity stress in relation to expansion of the leaf surface. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 13, 59-73. 

Metabolic Effects. Severe metabolic acidosis with high anion gap and hyperglycemia was reported in humans after acute poisoning with endosulfan (Blanco-Coronado et al. 1992 Lo et al. 1995). In five of the six cases reported by Blanco-Coronado et al. (1992), the metabolic acidosis was corrected with gastric lavage with activated charcoal and intravenous sodium bicarbonate and diazepam. No further information regarding metabolic effects in humans after exposure to endosulfan was located. 

Koch CJ, Biaglow JE (1978) Toxicity, radiation sensitivity modification, and metabolic effects of dehydroascorbate and ascorbate in mammalian cells. J Cell Physiol 94 299-306... 

These studies showed that immunologically activated HHMC release PGD2 and LTC4. Interestingly, intravenous and intracoronary injection of traces of LTC4 and LTD4 may have several cardiovascular and metabolic effects [32]. 

Macdonald I, Vrana A (editors) Metabolic Effects of Dietary Carbohydrates. Karger, 1986. 

Shewmaker, C.K. et al.. Seed-specific overexpression of phytoene synthase increase in carotenoids and other metabolic effects. Plant J., 20, 401, 1999. 

Metabolic Effects. No reports were located regarding metabolic effects in humans following acute-, intermediate-, or chronic-duration inhalation exposure to americium. 

No data were located regarding respiratory effects, cardiovascular effects, gastrointestinal effects, hepatic effects, renal effects, endocrine effects, dermal effects, ocular effects, body weight effects, or metabolic effects in humans or animals following acute-, intermediate-, or chronic-duration dermal exposure to americium ... 

Fredholm, B. B., Gastrointestinal and metabolic effects of methylxanthines, in The Methylxanthine Beverages and Foods Chemistry, Consumption and Health Effects, Spiller, G. A., Ed., Alan R. Liss, New York, 1984, 331. 

Weir, J., Noakes, T.D., Myburgh, K., and Adams, B., A high carbohydrate diet negates the metabolic effects of caffeine during exercise, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 19, 100, 1987. 

Metabolic Effects. Severe metabolic acidosis developed in a worker exposed to hydrogen sulfide generated from a sodium sulfide waste solution being dumped onto acid waste material (Stine et al. 

The thyroid hormones are lipophilic and relatively insoluble in the plasma. Therefore, they are transported throughout the circulation bound to plasma proteins such as thyroxine-binding globulin (75%) and albumins (25%). Approximately 99.96% of circulating thyroxine is protein bound. Bound hormone is not available to cause any physiological effects however, it is in equilibrium with the remaining 0.04% that is unbound. This free form of the hormone is able to bind to receptors on target tissues and cause its effects. Thyroid hormone has many metabolic effects in the body ... 

The evidence cited here is only a very small sample of the vast quantity of research into putative cognitive enhancers. However, many of these compounds that have demonstrated positive effects are believed to influence cerebral metabolism, whether through increased blood flow, glucose metabolism or other indirect routes, as outlined above. Furthermore, these metabolic effects are hypothesised to be at least partly responsible for the cognitive improvements documented. Indeed, many of the putative cognitive enhancers currently available claim modes of influence (Table 14.1) that would fall in line with a metabolic model of cognitive enhancement. 

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