Effect Glucose metabolism

Antidiabetic Drugs other than Insulin. Figure 3 The antihyperglycaemic effect of metformin involves enhanced insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production and muscle glucose uptake. Metformin also exerts non-insulin-dependent effects on these tissues, including reduced fatty acid oxidation and increased anaerobic glucose metabolism by the intestine. FA, fatty acid f, increase i decrease. 

Bond, V., Adams, R., Balkissoon, B., McRae, J., Knight, E., Robbins, S., and Banks, M., Effects of caffeine on cardiorespiratory function and glucose metabolism during rest and graded exercise, International Journal of Sports Medicine, 27, 47, 1987. 

Domino, E.F., Minoshima, S., Guthrie, S.K. et al. Effects of nicotine on regional cerebral glucose metabolism in awake resting tobacco smokers. Neuroscience. 101 277, 2000. 

The evidence cited here is only a very small sample of the vast quantity of research into putative cognitive enhancers. However, many of these compounds that have demonstrated positive effects are believed to influence cerebral metabolism, whether through increased blood flow, glucose metabolism or other indirect routes, as outlined above. Furthermore, these metabolic effects are hypothesised to be at least partly responsible for the cognitive improvements documented. Indeed, many of the putative cognitive enhancers currently available claim modes of influence (Table 14.1) that would fall in line with a metabolic model of cognitive enhancement. 

Hertz, Y., Z. Madar, B. Hepher, and A. Gertler. 1989. Glucose metabolism in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) the effects of cobalt and chromium. Aquaculture 76 255-267. 

Adverse effects of /3-blockade include hypotension, heart failure, bradycardia, heart block, bronchospasm, altered glucose metabolism, fatigue, malaise, and depression. Abrupt withdrawal in patients with angina has been associated with increased severity and number of pain episodes and MI. Tapering of therapy over about 2 days should minimize the risk of withdrawal reactions if therapy is to be discontinued. 

Isom GE, Way JL. 1974b. Effect of oxygen on cyanide intoxication. VI. Reactivation of cyanide-inhibited glucose metabolism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 189 235-243. 

In addition to autonomic effects, areca produces mental stimulation, increases cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism, and creates electrophysiological activation as seen on the EEG. 

Nordberg A, Amberla K, Shigeta M, Lundqvist H, Viitanen M, Hellstrom-Lindahl E, Johansson M, Andersson J, Hartvig P, Lilja A, et al. (1998). Long-term tacrine treatment in three mild Alzheimer patients effects on nicotinic receptors, cerebral blood flow, glucose metabolism, EEG, and cognitive abilities. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 12(3) 228-37. 

Figure 16.3 Effects of insulin on the glucose/fatty acid cycle. Insulin enhances glucose metabolism by stimulating glucose uptake by muscle and adipose tissue and by inhibiting lipolysis in adipose tissue (see Chapter 12 for the mechanism of these effects). The effect of glucose metabolism on lipolysis is via stimulation of fatty acid esterification via glycerol 3-phosphate.

Changes in expression of key genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism were associated with the effects of colestimide. mRNA for the... 

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