High-carbohydrate diets

Inherited aldolase A deficiency and pyruvate kinase deficiency in erythrocytes cause hemolytic anemia. The exercise capacity of patients with muscle phos-phofiaictokinase deficiency is low, particularly on high-carbohydrate diets. By providing an alternative lipid fuel, eg, during starvation, when blood free fatty acids and ketone bodies are increased, work capacity is improved. 

Hudgins LC et al Human fatty acid synthesis is stimulated by a eucaloric low fat, high carbohydrate diet. J Clin Invest 1996 97 2081. 

Weir, J., Noakes, T.D., Myburgh, K., and Adams, B., A high carbohydrate diet negates the metabolic effects of caffeine during exercise, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 19, 100, 1987. 

Medical Management Immediate decontamination after exposure is the only way to prevent damage to victims, followed by symptomatic management of lesions. Hospital care tends to be supportive. It should be repeated that liquid arsenical vesicants produce more serious lesions on dermal surfaces than do liquid mustard. In toxic victims, liberal fluids by mouth or intravenous, and high-vitamin, high-protein, high-carbohydrate diets could be indicated. For those victims where shock is in evidence, provide the usual supportive measures such as intravenous administration, blood transfusions, or other vascular volume expanders should be indicated. 

Classic beri-beri, rarely seen in the United States and Europe, except in alcoholism (P4), is endemic in the Far East because of the prevalent diet of decorticated rice (F6). It occurs in two forms wet beri-beri, characterized by edema and cardiovascular symptoms (G6), and dry beri-beri with peripheral neuritis, paralysis, and atrophy of the muscles. Conditions which may predispose to deficiency by increasing thiamine requirements are pregnancy (see section 2.4), and lactation, hyperthyroidism, malignant disease, febrile conditions, increased muscular activity, high carbohydrate diets, and parenteral administration of glucose solutions. A constant supply of thiamine is required for optimal nutrition because storage in the liver and elsewhere is limited. Thiamine is synthesized by bacteria in the intestinal tract of various animals, but this is not a dependable source for man. 

In the following article, the author speculates about a connection between the low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet recommended by the medical establishment in the last twenty years and the increasing rate of obesity among Americans. 

Finally, a high carbohydrate diet results in activation of a protein that regulates transcription of genes that express enzymes involved in the process of fatty acid synthesis (Figure 11.8(c)). 

Several substances alter the toxicity of chloroform in animals— most probably by modifying the metabolism to a reactive intermediate. Factors that potentiate chloroform s toxic effects include ethanol, polybrominated biphenyls, steroids, and ketones. Disulfiram, its metabolites, and a high-carbohydrate diet... 

Both maternal and infant factors determine the final amount of drug present in the nursing child s body at any particular time. Variations in the daily amount of milk formed within the breast (e.g., changes in blood flow to the breast) as well as alterations in breast mUk pH wUl affect the total amount of drug found in mUk. In addition, composition of the milk will be affected by the maternal diet for example, a high-carbohydrate diet will increase the content of saturated fatty acids in milk. 

To meet these changing circumstances, the liver has remarkable metabolic flexibility. For example, when the diet is rich in protein, hepatocytes supply themselves with high levels of enzymes for amino acid catabolism and gluconeogenesis. Within hours after a shift to a high-carbohydrate diet, the levels of these enzymes begin to drop and the hepatocytes increase their synthesis of enzymes essential to carbohydrate metabolism and fat synthesis. Liver enzymes turn over (are synthesized and degraded) at live to ten times the rate of enzyme turnover in other tissues, such as muscle. Extrahepatic... 

Hahn, P. and Kirby, L. 1973. Immediate and late effects of premature weaning and of feeding a high fat or high carbohydrate diet to weanling rats. J. Nutr. 103, 690-696. 

Contrast the situation in an adult. Little growth takes place, but the metabolism must vary with time and physiological state. The body must make drastic readjustments from normal feeding to a starvation situation and from resting to heavy exercise. The metabolism needed for rapid exertion is different from that needed for sustained work. A fatty diet requires different metabolism than a high-carbohydrate diet. The necessary control mechanisms must be rapid and sensitive. 

H34. Huff, M. W., and Nestel, P. J., Metabolism of apolipoproteins Oil, CIIIi, CII12 and VLDL-B in human subjects consuming high carbohydrate diets. Metabolism 31, 493-498 (1982). 

A diet high in carbohydrates also stimulates malic enzyme activity and synthesis in rodent and avian liver while starvation or low carbohydrates has the opposite effect [67,74]. Recent data demonstrated [75] that a high-carbohydrate diet increases the cytoplasmic malic enzyme mRNA at a post-transcriptional level probably by retarding its degradation. Such a control is liver specific since no response was observed in brain, heart, kidney and other non-hepatic tissues. The amplitude of the response to the high carbohydrate diet is increased several fold by T3. 

Letexier, D., Diraison, F., and Beylot, M., Addition of inulin to a moderately high-carbohydrates diet reduces hepatic lipogenesis and plasma triacylglycerol concentrations in humans, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 77, 559-564, 2003. 

Low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets have been shown to lower plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. At the same time, these diets decrease anti-atherogenic high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, and increase concentrations of plasma triglycerides, lipoprotein[a] (Lp[a]), and small dense LDL, plus increasing insulin resistance. Overall, these changes are likely to increase the risk of coronary heart disease (Willett, 2002 Kris-Etherton et al., 2002 Sanders, 2003). 

Unfortunately, when saturated fatty acids are replaced by carbohydrate in the so-called low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets, a reduction in plasma... 

High carbohydrate diet for 3 days (glycogen loading) 103 166... 

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