Metabolic side effects

These potent diuretic agents interact with almost the entire nephron, including Henle s loop (Fig. 7). Their primary effect is probably the inhibition of the active reabsorption of chloride ions, which then leads to the enhanced excretion of sodium ions and water. Plasma volume is reduced as a result of these effects, whereas in the long-term both cardiac preload and afterload will diminish. The metabolic side-effects of the loop diuretics are globally the same as those of the thiazides, with some incidental differences. Plasma renin activity increases by loop diuretic treatment and it can be well imagined that this effect is noxious in the long-term management of heart failure. The loop diuretics provoke a clearly... 

Joshi UM, Virkar KD, Amatayakul K, Singkamani R, Bamji MS, Prema K, Whitehead TP, Belsey MA, Hall P, Parker RA. Metabolic side-effects of injectable depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate, 150 mg three-monthly, in undernourished lactating women. WHO Task Force on... 

Demographic, environmental, and genetic predictors of metabolic side effects of hydrochlorothiazide treatment in hypertensive subjects. Am J Hypertens 2005 18 1077-83. 

Although penetration enhancers promise superior therapeutic efficacy, this approach should be introduced for clinical use only after considering the balance of risks and benefits. Furthermore, information on the different mechanisms of drug penetration, ocular metabolism, side effects, and the influence of ocular diseases on the specific drug absorption-enhancement techniques is required before the use of any enhancer. 

Loop and thiazide diuretics may also impair glucose and lipid metabolism, and it has been suggested that high doses of these agents may predispose some patients to type 2 diabetes mellitus.1,13 Although the exact risk of such metabolic disturbances is not known, the long-term use of these drugs has been questioned.67 Nonetheless, concerns about metabolic side effects can be minimized if low doses are administered.13... 

Nutrition The patient s diet should comply with the basic principles of physiological nutrition. It is recommended to take three main and two minor meals per day. Foodstuffs causing flatulence and containing poorly digestible fats (e. g. lard) should be avoided. It is important to consider the influence of glucocorticoids on appetite as well as their metabolic side effects (e. g. restriction of sodium chloride, loss of potassium). 

Jafari S, Fernandez-Enright F, Huang XF (2012) Structural contributions of antipsychotic drugs to their therapeutic profiles and metabolic side effects. J Neurochem 120 371-384... 

Pindolol (Visken) 10-60 2 against additional stimulation no clear advantage for these agents except in patients with bradycardia, who must receive a, 6-blocker contraindicated in patients post-myocardial infarction produce fewer or no metabolic side effects, but they may not be as cardioprotective as other, 6-blockers... 

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ACE INHIBITORS Serious untoward reactions to ACE inhibitors are rare, and they generally are well tolerated. Metabolic side effects are not encountered during long-term therapy with ACE inhibitors. The drugs do not alter plasma concentrations of uric acid or Ca + and actually may improve insulin sensitivity in patients with insulin resistance and decrease cholesterol and lipoprotein(a) levels in proteinuric renal disease. 

Pharmacokinetics induces cytochrome P450, including its own metabolism ° Side effects ... 

Thus, contraceptive counseling should be an integrated part of the preconceptional care for all women with diabetes and is described in detail in two recent reviews [37,38]. In essence, barrier methods are well suited for the well-motivated couple, but when an increased risk of user s failure can be predicted, intrauterine devices or combined oral contraceptives may be the only acceptable reversible alternative. Intrauterine devices are very efficient and without metabolic side effects and can be used on the same indications and with the same reservations as in nondiabetic women. Intrauterine devices are therefore well suited for women with diabetes, especially parous women. 

Peeters G, Decallonne B. Endocrine and metabolic side effects of chronic hthium use survey of the literature and guideline for follow-up and treatment. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2010 66(2) 79-84. 

J.W. Anderson, R.J. Nicolosi, and J.F. Borzelleca, Glucosamine effects in humans A review of effects on glucose metabolism, side effects, safety considerations and efficacy. Food Chem. Toxicol, 43 (2), 187-201, 2005. 

Nasrallah HA. Atypical antipsychotic-induced metabolic side effects insights from receptor-binding profiles. Mol Psychiatry 2008 13(1) 27-35. 

Two clinical reviews [lOh, 102 and one systematic review [103 ] of clozapine have discussed the use and role of clozapine in fhe context of side effecfs such as agranulocytosis, metabolic side effects and myocarditis contrasted with reduced suicidality and mortality and decreased movement disorder liability. The systematic review further describes urogenital, hypersalivation, thermorgulatory and withdrawal effects. 

J. de Castro, A. Van de Water, L. Wouters, R. Xhonneux, R. Reneman and B. Kay, Comparative study of cardiovascular, neurological and metabolic side effects of 8 narcotics in dogs. Pethidine, pirimamide, morphine, phenoperidine, fentanyl, R 39 209, sufentanil, R 34 995. III. Comparative study of the acute metabolic toxicity of the narcotics used in high and massive doses in curarized and mechanically ventilated dogs, Acta Anaesthesiol. Belg., 1979, 30, 71-90. 

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