High anions

The presence of a sufficientiy strong chelating agent, ie, one where K in equation 26 is large, keeps the concentration of free metal ion suppressed so that pM is larger than the saturation pM given by the solubiUty product relation (eq. 29) and no soHd phase of MX can form even in the presence of relatively high anion concentrations. The metal is thus sequestered with respect to precipitation by the anion, such as in the prevention of the formation of insoluble soaps in hard water. 

Disubstitution of 2,4-dichloropyrimidine with thiourea proceeds more readily than with hydrosulfide ion, principally because the former intermediate (229) contains the activating, cationic acylated thio group compared to the highly anionized mercapto group in the latter reaction. 

In addition, such an increase in enzymatic activity could result from changes in the conformation of the enzymatic molecules due to the high electrostatic activity of chitin (Dunand et al., 2002 Ozeretskovskaya et al., 2002). ft can be proposed that the PO sorption on chitin could not be considered to be a classic ion exchange process because both the anionic and cationic isoforms of the plant POs interact with chitin. Additionally, it contains 3 high anionic POs (3.5, 3.7, 4.0) but only 2 of them (3.5 and 3.7) adsorbed on chitin alongside with some cationic isoforms (Fig. 2). 

Dowd P.F. Lagrimini L.M. (2006) Examination of the biological effects of high anionic peroxidases production in tobacco plants grown imder field conditions. 1. Insect pest damage. / / Transgenic Research. V. 15. P. 197-204. 

Roberts E. Kutchan T. Kolattukudy P. E. (1988) Cloning and sequencing of cDNA for a highly anionic peroxidase from potato and the induction of its mRNA in suberizing potato tubers and tomato fruits / / Plant Mol. Biol. V. 11. P. 15-26... 

Metabolic Effects. Severe metabolic acidosis with high anion gap and hyperglycemia was reported in humans after acute poisoning with endosulfan (Blanco-Coronado et al. 1992 Lo et al. 1995). In five of the six cases reported by Blanco-Coronado et al. (1992), the metabolic acidosis was corrected with gastric lavage with activated charcoal and intravenous sodium bicarbonate and diazepam. No further information regarding metabolic effects in humans after exposure to endosulfan was located. 

The perovskite structure is capable of high anion conductivity when oxide vacancies are introduced, as in, for example, Lai (Sr Co03 (/2 or in the perovskite-related superconductor phases, La2Cu04 and YBa2Cu307. The oxide ion transport number is not unity since such materials are often electronic conductors as well, due to the presence of... 

We were successful earlier in achieving anioiuc/cationic complexes with glycosaminoglycans, e.g., hyaluronic acid/cationic polysaccharide compositions [44], now used in personal care applications. Those compositions are substantive, stable and user-friendly. Unfortunately, despite the highly anionic nature of hyaluronic acid (and other glycosaminoglycans), these materials do not block viral infections [39]. Furthermore, as shown by the in vivo rabbit irritation studies, such compositions displayed minimal irritation [13]. 

The high anionic charge of the ligand [ /Jo-7-CBioHii] is capable of stabilizing metals in higher oxidation states than the formal + II state of the molybdenum and... 

Sodium and potassium concentration (Na+ should be the main constituent) is higher at Viriato according to a very high anionic concentration and also a high conductivity is determined. 

Methanol and ethylene glycol are contaminants of illicit ethanol, and can be taken as ethanol substitutes. Both agents cause severe metabolic acidosis with a high anion gap. 

A Tripled-Perovskite — Relationship to the New High Tc Oxide Superconductor A tripled cell for the perovskite structure is shown in Figure 33. This structure is closely related to that of the new 90 K superconductor in the following way. The structure of the superconductor can be derived from a highly anion-defect, perovs-kite-type structure. The composition can be obtained as follows. 

Anion-deficient fluorite oxides are also present, for example, U02- c, Ce02-x The presence of anion vacancies in reduced fluorites has been confirmed by diffraction studies. In reduced ceria for example, some well-ordered phases has been reported (Sharma et al 1999). The defective compounds show very high anion mobilities and are useful as conductors and as catalytic materials as will be described later. However, the structures of many anion-deficient fluorite oxides remain unknown because of the shear complexity of the disordered phases. There are, therefore, many opportunities for EM studies to obtain a better understanding of the defect structures and properties of these complex materials which are used in catalysis. 

A general pattern emerges for all of the nonaqueous substitution reactions of the [Co en2 A X]+n cations. In every case there is a limiting rate at a sufficiently high anion concentration. Sometimes this limit may have been passed at the lowest anion concentration studied, in which case the rate would appear to be quite in-... 

Unlike fluorides, pure oxides with the fluorite structure (MO2) show high anion conduction only at elevated temperatures, above about 2300 K. Suggest a reason for this. 

Rule 11.3 (Corollary 2). Compounds that have a high anion content will stabilize high cation coordination numbers. 

Marine sulfated polysaccharides (MSPs), such as sulfated fucans (SFs), sulfated galactans (SGs), and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) isolated from invertebrate animals, are highly anionic polysaccharides capable of interacting with certain cationic proteins, such as... 

With the knowledge that 14 can activate aldehydes in 1, the role of 1 in the reaction was explored further. Specifically, the relative rates of C—H bond activation and guest ejection, and the possibility of ion association with 1, were investigated. The hydrophobic nature of 14 could allow for ion association on the exterior of 1, which would be both cn t h al pi cal I y favorable due to the cation-it interaction, and entropically favorable due to the partial desolvation of 14. To explore these questions, 14 was irreversibly trapped in solution by a large phosphine, which coordinates to the iridium complex and thereby inhibits encapsulation. Two different trapping phosphines were used. The first, triphenylphosphine tris-sulfonate sodium salt (TPPTS), is a trianionic water-soluble phosphine and should not be able to approach the highly anionic 1, thereby only trapping the iridium complex that has diffused away from 1. The second phosphine, l,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA), is a water-soluble neutral phosphine that should be able to intercept an ion-associated iridium complex. 

Tris(dimethylam1no)sulfonium difluorotrimethylsilicate is a source of soluble organic fluoride ion of high anionic reactivity. Fluoride ion from this salt and other tris(dialkylamino)sulfonium difluorotrimethyl si 11 cates has... 

These effects are particularly pertinent in type (I) -> (II) reactions, where the high anion activity is required to overcome the lattice energy of the non-molecular precursor (I). Thus many non-molecular metal halides, sulfides and thiolates which are insoluble and unreactive in aqueous media will dissolve with anionic ligands in aprotic solvents, and clusters can be isolated from the resulting solutions. Anion activation by use of cation complexands to solubilize salts in hydrocarbon solvents is advantageous, as is the use of complexands in the isolation of polymetallate anions.342... 

---