Further Information

Information on some other techniques or acronyms, software for surface science studies, surface science databases, research centers and institutes, user groups and bulletin boards, academic research groups, teaching resources for surface science, conferences, commercials services and suppliers, sources of practical information, and also, a collection of links to lecture courses and tutorials covering a broad range of surface science can be found on web sites, e. g. http //www.uksaf.org and http //www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/surfaces/. 

The authors would like to thank Graham Beamson, RUSTI, Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington, UK for the permission to use data from the Scienta X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer and to Jiri Homola, Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and University of Washington, Department of Electrical Engineering, Seattle, USA, and to V Hnatowicz, Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic for cooperation on some parts of this chapter. 

Information covered in this chapter can also be found in several jonmals devoted to beer and brewing listed below  

The Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists (http //www.asbcnet.org/joumal/ default.htm) 

Master Brewers Association of the Americas Technical Quarterly. (http //www.mbaa.com/publications/tq/Pages/default.aspx) 

Brewing Science - Monatsschrift fUr Brauwissenschaft (http //www.brewingscience.de/) Cerevisia (http //www.joumals.elsevier.com/cerevisia) 

Germain, P. (1990). The effect of pitching yeast aeration on the production of acetic acid during fermentations with brewers yeast an enzymatic approach. Journal of the Institute of Brewing, 96, 131-134. http //dx.doi.Org/10.1002/j.2050-0416.1990.tb01023.x. 

A general review of the chemical synthesis of biodegradable polymers incorporating poly(ester-amide)s has been published recently by Okada (2002). Further information on degradable polymers can be found in the book of Domb et al. (1997). 

Aharoni S M (1988), Hydrogen-bonded highly regular strictly alternating aliphatic aromatic liquid-crystalline poly(ester amides) . Macromolecules, 21 (7), 1941-1961. 

Alla A, Rodriguez-Galan A, Martinez de Ilarduya A, Mimoz-Gueira S (1997), Degradable poly(ester amide)s based on L-tartaric acid , Polymer, 38 (19), 4935-4944. 

Andini, S (1988), Synthesis of block poly(ester amide)s containing biodegradable poly(L,L-lactide) segments, Macromol. Rapid commun., 9, 119-124. 

A summary of ISIM commands is found below. The ISIM manual contains more details on writing models in ISIM and on the numerical methods that are used in the simulations. It can be obtained from Prof. John L. Hay, ISIM International Simulation Limited, Technology House, Salford University Business Park, Lissadel Street, Salford M6 6AP, England, (Tel +44-(0)61-745 7444 Fax +44-(0)61-737 7700). 

Grulke, E.A. (1994) Polymer Process Engineering, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 

Welsch, R. (2003) Using loss-in-weight feeders in compounding. Plast. Addit. Compound., 5, 40-45. 

(1997) Compounding with single screw extruders. Adv. Polym. Technol., 

Rogers, M.J., Koelling, K.W., Read, M.D., and Spalding, M.A. (2001) The effect of three-lobe, off-set kneading blocks on the dispersion of calcium carbonate in polystyrene resins. Proceedings of the 59th SPE ANTEC, 47, pp. 129-133. 

A good practical guide to infrared spectroscopy is contained in the book by Willis and van der Maas [16]. The books by Colthup et al. [17] and Griffiths and De Haseth [18] provide a thorough introduction to theory and mechanics of the subject, as does the Analytical Chemistry by Open Learning publication [19], although at a less challenging level. Socrates [20] provides extensive correlation charts for use in interpretation  

Hummel and Scholl [11] is essential for the analysis of polymers and polymer additives. 

Libraries of spectra can still be obtained in paper form, although electronic versions are rapidly gaining the ascendancy. Apart from the well-known collections by Sadtler, a useful single volume item is the IR/Raman atlas compiled by Schrader and Meier [21]. 

Many universities now offer short courses in practical infrared spectroscopy and/or interpretation. Some instrument manufacturers also hold regular tutorials on aspects of data collection or interpretation. 

This chapter represents the view of the author and is not necessarily the view of Unilever Research. 

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This presentation will not attempt to present all these projects, but instead focus on the ongoing network activities and the available sources for further information through the Commission s information services, with the CORDIS database being the prime source of information (see details at the end of the paper). 

Further information about software for computer aided drug design (CADD) is available at the website http //www.netsci.org/Resources/Sojiware/Modeling/CADD/. 

For further information about this method see Chapter IX, Section 1.3 in the Handbook or Ref. [6]. 

Further information about the TcIcSpcc system is given in Ref, [73J. 

The above account of infrared and ultraviolet spectra should provide an introduction to the subject. Further information can be obtained by reference to the books listed below. 

There is evidence that indium has a low order of toxicity however, care should be taken until further information is available. 

Further information as to the width of constrictions can be obtained from measurement of the heat of immersion of the solid in a range of liquids... 

Further information on the statistics of sampling is covered in the following papers. 

The following sources provide further information on the optical characteristics of gratings and their method of production. 

The following are useful resources for further information regarding chemical kinetic methods of analysis. 

The following instrumental analysis textbooks may be consulted for further information on the detectors and signal analyzers used in radiochemical methods of analysis. 

The references cited in the chapter are provided so the student can access them for further information. 

A further important use of El mass spectrometry lies in measuring isotope ratios, which can be used in estimating the ages of artifacts, rocks, or fossils. Electron ionization affects the isotopes of any one element equally, so that the true isotope ratio is not distorted by the ionization step. Further information on isotopes can be found in Chapter 46. 

A brief description of this hybrid system appears in Chapter 20. For further information on the quadrupole or TOF instruments, see Chapters 25 and 26, Quadrupole Ion Optics and Time-of-Flight Ion Optics. ... 

Further information on uses, current volumes, and estimates of growth is available in reference 58. 

Disposal. Moderate amounts of chlorine ttifluoride or other halogen fluorides may be destroyed by burning with a fuel such as natural gas, hydrogen, or propane. The resulting fumes may be vented to water or caustic scmbbers. Alternatively, they can be diluted with an inert gas and scmbbed in a caustic solution. Further information on disposal of halogen fluorides is available (115—118). 

Aseptic processing systems have found wide use for packing juices and milk products for the retail market and for the bulk preservation of tomato paste and fmit sHces for use as ingredients. Further information on aseptic processing can be found in the Hterature (2). 

Heterocyclics. One of the most characteristic and useful properties of hydrazine and its derivatives is the ability to form heterocycHc compounds. Numerous pharmaceuticals, pesticides, explosives, and dyes are based on these rings. A review of the appHcation of hydrazine in the synthesis of heterocychcs is available (91). For further information in the field of heterocycHc chemistry, see the General References. 

The peioxide and a2o thermal initiatois also aie photochemicady unstable and have been used as ladical sources at weU below thek nornial theimal decomposition tempeiatuies. Howevei, thek industiial use as photoinitiatois has been limited because thek light-absoiption chaiacteiistics fiequentiy aie unsuitable and because of the obvious potential complication owing to thek slow thermal decomposition, which leads to pool shelf-life and noniepioducible photoactivity in given formulations (88). Further information on photoinitiatois can be found in the Hteiatuie (92). 

For some appUcations, microbial polysaccharides have supplemented or replaced those derived from plants or algae in other instances, microbial polysaccharides have been developed for specific appUcations that cannot be met by other polysaccharides. Further information is available (5—24). 

Further information on the different systems including a more detailed discussion of thek costs, advantages, and disadvantages is available (1,39,40). Information on actual experience is also available (32,34—36,41—47). 

Instrumentation. Pilot plants are usually heavily instmmented compared to commercial plants. It is not uncommon for a pilot plant to have an order of magnitude more control loops and analytical instmments than a commercial plant because of the need for additional information no longer requked at the commercial stage. A discussion of all the specific types of instmmentation used on pilot plants is beyond the scope of this article. Further information on some of the more common instmmentation is available (1,51). 

Further information on extmder operation and plastic processing is available (15,18—25). Technology updates and equipment options for specific processing steps are provided annually in pubHcations such as the P/astics Compounding Kedbook and in Modem Plastics Pngclopedia. 

With the exception of the soHd methoxide [19727-40-3], the lower antimony trialkoxides are colorless or slightly colored distillable Hquids, easily hydroly2ed. Thermally these alkoxides are rather stable. The lower antimony trialkoxides are manufactured from antimony trichloride, the higher from antimony trioxide, both on a small scale. They are used in polyester manufacture, in fireproofing, as catalysts, and for coatings. For further information about antimony trialkoxides, see references 21, 65, 98. 

Handling of Amines. Regulations governing the safe handling and shipping of amines in interstate commerce are given in U.S. Department of Transportation pubHcations (71). Specific information on the safe handling and hazards associated with a particular amine can be found in the Material Safety Data Sheet for that material. For further information on the safety of industrial material see also references 72 and 73. 

Toxic Substances Control Act, Chemical Substances Inventory further information can be obtained from Industry Assistance Office, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 

Careflil material selection is required to prevent brittle failure of tanks at low temperatures. In addition, for tanks where the service temperatures are reduced, it is essential that an engineering analysis be performed to ensure that the tanks are not subject to brittle failure at the house temperature. The tank and vessel codes usually specify allowable materials based on design temperature. Further information about selection of metals for low temperature is available (8). 

Thiols are shipped ia every conceivable container size. Dmms and cans can be of carbon steel for most thiols, provided color is not a determining factor. Tmck, rail, and isocontainer shipments should be set up to utilize a vapor return line from the tank to the shipping container. This substantially minimizes the amount of odor that escapes. Phillips Petroleum Company and Atochem North America can supply further information regarding the handling and properties of many thiols. 

It iaterferes with the synthesis of the hyphal walls, the biosynthesis of nucleic acids, and the synthesis of chitin. The iateraction with microtubules has also been described. The sensitivity of a cell seems to depend particularly on the abiUty to form griseofulvin—nucleic acid complexes. Further information concerning griseofulvin is available (21). 

Haidness decreases with increasing porosity and increased grain size. SoHd solution impurities influence hardness, but it is often hard to separate the effect of the impurity on the hardness, from the effect of the impurity on other microstmctural effects that influence hardness such as grain size. Further information on hardness of ceramics is available (45). 

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