Dermal effects

Short-term inhalation of PVA dust has no known health significance, but can cause discomfort and should be avoided in accordance with industry standards for exposure to nuisance dust. The dust is mildly irritating to the eyes. There are no known dermal effects arising from short-term exposure to either soHd PVA or its aqueous solutions. 

No studies were located regarding gastrointestinal, hematological, musculoskeletal, or dermal effects in humans or animals after inhalation exposure to methyl parathion. Dean et al. (1984) reported that seven children exposed to methyl parathion by many routes exhibited pinpoint pupils, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. The respiratory, cardiovascular, hepatic, and renal effects reported by Fazekas (1971) that were found in humans acutely exposed to methyl parathion intoxication resulted from exposure by all three routes however, the results did not distinguish between the routes. 

Dermal Effects. No studies were located regarding dermal effects in humans after oral exposure to methyl parathion. 

Routine gross and histopathological examinations revealed no treatment-related dermal effects on dogs exposed to 0.03, 0.1, or 0.3 mg/kg/day methyl parathion in the diet for 1 year (Suba 1981). 

There was an increased incidence of alopecia in female rats treated for 2 years with 2.5 mg/kg/day methyl parathion compared to either vehicle controls, high-dose males, or rats treated with either 0.025 or 0.25 mg/kg/day methyl parathion (Suba 1984). Chronic dietary exposure to methyl parathion did not induce dermal effects in mice fed 16.2 mg/kg/day or rats fed 2 mg/kg/day (NCI 1979). 

Dermal Effects. Based on a skin patch test, allergic (contact) dermatitis to methyl parathion occurred in a farmer (Lisi et al. 1987). 

Dermal Effects. No studies were located regarding dermal effects in humans after inhalation exposure to endosulfan. Routine gross and histopathologic examination of the skin did not reveal any effects of nose-only exposure of rats to concentrations of endosulfan of up to 2 mg/m for 6 hours/day,... 

Dermal Effects. There have been no reports of adverse dermal effects associated with exposure to endosulfan in humans. When tested in farmers, endosulfan did not cause contact dermatitis (Schuman and Dobson 1985). Studies in experimental animals have shown that dermal exposure to endosulfan is only slightly to moderately irritating at relatively high doses (Hoechst 1983b, 1985c, 1985d, 1989b Industria Prodotti Chimici 1975). 

Dermal Effects. Humans that were experimentally exposed to 200 ppm of trichloroethylene vapor for 7 hours experienced dry throats (40% of the subjects), begiiming after 30 minutes (Stewart et al. 1970). The subjects experiencing these symptoms did not experience them when exposed in the same manner on 5 other consecutive days. These effects are presumed to be due to direct contact with the vapor. Skin irritation and rashes have resulted from occupational exposure to trichloroethylene (Bauer and Rabens 1974 El Ghawabi et al. 1973). The dermal effects are usually the consequence of direct skin contact with concentrated solutions, but occupational exposure also involves vapor contact. Adverse effects have not been reported from exposure to dilute aqueous solutions. 

Dermal Effects. Some of the people in Woburn, Massachusetts, who had been chronically exposed to trace amounts of trichloroethylene and other substances in the drinking water reported skin lesions (Byers et al. 1988). These were maculopapular rashes that were said to occur approximately twice yearly and lasted 2-4 weeks. These skin conditions generally ceased 1-2 years after cessation of exposure to contaminated water. The limitations of this study are discussed in Section 2.2.2.8. A case study was published of a 63-year-old rural South Carolina woman exposed to trichloroethylene and other chlorinated hydrocarbons in her well water, who developed diffuse fascitis, although her husband did not (Waller et al. 1994). The level of trichloroethylene measured in the well water was 19 mg/L. Substitution of bottled water for drinking resulted in improved symptoms. 

As discussed imder dermal effects, people can develop hypersensitivity to trichloroethylene. The effects observed in hypersensitive individuals include skin effects (Conde-Salazar et al. 1983 Nakayama et al. 1988 Phoon et al. 1984 Waller et al. 1994) and liver effects (Phoon et al. 1984). Dermal sensitivity was confirmed with patch testing in only two cases (Conde-Salazar et al. 1983 Nakayama et al. 1988). The woman described by Conde-Salazaer et al. (1983) reacted positively to both vapor exposure and a dermal application of 5% trichloroethylene in olive oil. 

Dermal Effects. Some humans experienced dry throats following acute inhalation exposure to trichloroethylene at 200 ppm (Stewart et al. 1970). Persons working with trichloroethylene for intermediate periods sometimes develop skin rashes and dermatitis (Bauer and Rabens 1974 El Ghawabi et al. 1973). It is reported that some people may be particularly sensitive to trichloroethylene and develop allergies when exposed to high levels in the air or on their skin during oeeupational exposures of intermediate duration (Cziijak et al. 1993 Goh and Ng 1988 Nakayama et al. 1988 Phoon et al. 1984). Exposure to... 

Although human data are not extensive, the data suggest that dermal effects may be a concern for some humans exposed to trichloroethylene, particularly through bathing with contaminated water however, it is unlikely that exposure to trichloroethylene in the air or soil at hazardous waste sites would be irritating to human skin. Some people may develop immunological sensitivity to trichloroethylene which may manifest as a dermal response following inhalation, oral, or dermal exposure to trichloroethylene. 

No data were located regarding gastrointestinal effects, endocrine effects, dermal effects, or ocular effects in humans or animals following acute-, intermediate-, or chronic-duration inhalation exposure to americium. 

No data were located regarding systemic effects in humans following acute-, intermediate-, or chronic-duration exposure to americium by routes other than inhalation, oral, dermal, or external exposure. No data were located regarding respiratory effects, cardiovascular effects, gastrointestinal effects, renal effects, dermal effects, ocular effects, or metabolic effects animals following exposure to americium by routes other than inhalation, oral, dermal, or external exposure. 

Dermal Effects. Skin irritation was noted in wildlife officers at the RMA after they handled sick or dead ducks without gloves (NIOSH 1981). Although the investigators concluded that diisopropyl methylphosphonate contributed to the local effects, a number of other compounds were present. Analysis of the pond water indicated the presence of a number of organic and inorganic contaminants, including diisopropyl methylphosphonate (11.3 ppm) aldrin (0.368 ppm) dieldrin (0.0744 ppm) dicyclo-pentadiene, bicycloheptadiene, diethyl benzene, dimethyl disulfide, methyl acetate, methyl isobutyl ketone, toluene, and sodium (49,500 ppm) chloride (52,000 ppm) arsenic (1,470 ppm) potassium (180 ppm) fluoride (63 ppm) copper (2.4 ppm) and chromium (0.27 ppm). Because of the presence of numerous compounds, it is unclear whether diisopropyl methylphosphonate was related to the irritation. 

Hart 1976). These studies, however, do not conclusively predict the human risk of skin irritation or sensitivity, but it is not believed that levels found in water near the RMA would cause dermal effects. 

Polyalphaolefin Hydraulic Fluids. No studies were located regarding ocular effects in humans after inhalation exposure to polyalphaolefin hydraulic fluids. Ocular effects in animals resulting from direct contact with aerosols of polyalphaolefin hydraulic fluids are discussed in Section 2.3, Dermal Effects. 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. No human studies examining dermal end points were located. In animals, no information on dermal effects following inhalation or oral exposure were located. A number of mineral oil hydraulic fluids have been tested for acute dermal toxicity in rabbits. Signs of skin irritation have been observed following application of a naphthenic petroleum-based hydraulic fluid designated as MIL-H-5606... 

Organophosphate Ester Hydraulic Fluids. No studies regarding dermal effects in humans after inhalation or oral exposure were located. Erythema was observed in humans repeatedly exposed to dermal patches of Skydrol 500B-4 for an intermediate duration (Monsanto 1980). Skin scabbing was seen after oral exposure to Sanitizer 154 at 300 mg/kg (IRDC 1981). 

Dermal Effects. Six men lost consciousness after acute hydrogen sulfide exposure one with probable exposure to 8-16 ppm had peeling facial skin (Tvedt et al. 1991a, 1991b). 

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