Metabolism physical activity effects

Perkins KA, Donny E, et al (1999) Sex differences in nicotine effects and self-administration review of human and animal evidence. Nicotine Tob Res 1(4) 301-315 Perkins KA, Epstein EH, et al (1991) Effects of dose, gender, and level of physical activity on acute metabolic response to nicotine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 40(2) 203-208 Perkins KA, Epstein EH, et al (1992) Effects of nicotine on hunger and eating in male and female smokers. Psychopharmacology 106(l) 53-59... 

CNS stimulants can be classified as Psychomotor stimulants compounds that display a stimulatory effect primarily on brain functions and which activate mental and physical activity of the organism. They are made up of methylxanthines (caffeine, theophylline, pentoxifyllin), amphetamines (dextroamphetamine, methamphetamine), and also methylphenidate and pemoline. Respiratory stimulants or analeptics compounds, which cause certain activations of mental and physical activity of the organism, and primarily excite the vasomotor and respiratory centers of the medulla (doxapram, almitrine).Drwgi that suppress appetite or anorectics drags that activate mental and physical activity of the organism, but primarily accentuate the excitatory center of satiation in the hypothalamus (phentermine, diethylpropion).In order to increase mental capability, nootropics — drugs that increase the functional state of the brain — are sometimes used, the effect of which is associated with blood flow and metabolism of the brain. 

Increasing metabolism is probably the most effective way to decrease the time period that drugs can be detected in your system. Metabolism can be influenced by physical activity, diet, and drugs. 

The energy generated by metabolism of the macronutrients is used for three energy-requiring processes that occur in the body resting metabolic rate, thermic effect of food (formerly termed specific dynamic action), and physical activity. 

Adrenal medulla Epinephrine, Norepinephrine Vascular and metabolic effects that facilitate increased physical activity... 

However, potential therapeutic interventions require randomized prospective studies. Variables that might be addressed in such trials include the impact of monotherapy and polytherapy on the attainment of peak bone mass in adolescence and adulthood bone health in women characterization of the impact of limitations in physical activity on bone density in patients with epilepsy who have cerebral palsy or those with developmental disabilities or mental retardation the effects of newer antiepileptic drugs on bone metabolism standardization of the workup for bone disease in patients with epilepsy and the effectiveness of the current recommendations for supplementation with calcium and vitamin D. 

Gilliat-Wimberly, M., Manore, M., Woolf, K., Swan, R, and Carroll, S. 2001. Effect of habitual physical activity on the resting metabolic rates and body compositions of women aged 35 to 50 years. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 101 1181-89. 

The production of body heat by physical activity (metabolic rate) is difficult to measure. At any temperature, one feels colder as the wind speed increases. The combined effect of cold air and wind speed is expressed as wind-chill temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. This is essentially the air temperature that would produce the same cooling effect on exposed human flesh as the given combination of air tan-perature and wind speed (see Table 23.1). 

In hospitals and other institutions there is a further problem. People who are unwell may have low physical activity, but they have higher than normal requirements for energy, and nutrients, as a part of the process of replacing tissue in convalescence (section 9.1.2.2), or as a result of fever or the metabolic effects of cancer (section 8.4). At the same time, illness impairs appetite, and a side-effect of many drugs is to distort the sense of taste, depress appetite or cause nausea. It is difficult to provide a range of exciting and attractive foods under institutional conditions, yet this is what is needed to tempt the patient s appetite. 

Adaptation to increased physical activity. Pangamic acid enables animals to adapt to increased exercise. After periods of enforced swimming, animals previously treated with pangamic acid demonstrate a better maintenance of oxidative metabolism and energy levels than untreated controls moreover, these effects persist for several days. 

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