Metabolism insulin effect

Metabolic pathway Target tissue Effect of insulin Effect of glucagon... 

Glucagon, a peptide of 29 amino acids, is a product of the A cells of the pancreas. It is the antagonist of insulin and, like insulin, mainly influences carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Its effects are each opposite to those of insulin. Glucagon mainly acts via the second messenger cAMP (see p. 384). 

Hypolipidemic activity. Seed hull, administered to mice at a dose of 2.5% of diet for 18 weeks, was inactive " . The husk, administered orally to male Hartley guinea pigs at doses of 7.5 or 10 g/100 g of Plantago ovata for 4 weeks, exerted a hypolipidemic effect by affecting bile acid absorption and altering hepatic cholesterol metabolism Insulin release inhibition. Seed administered orally to 18 patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes at a dose of 13.6 g/day lowered insulin levels by 17% . 

The islet cells of the pancreas synthesize and secrete insulin and glucagon. These hormones are important in regulating glucose uptake and use, as well as in other aspects of energy metabolism. Problems in the production and effects of insulin are typical of a disease known as diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus can be categorized into two primary forms type 1 diabetes, which is caused by an absolute deficiency of insulin, and type 2 diabetes, which is caused by a decrease in peripheral insulin effects, combined with abnormal insulin release. 

Glycogen metabolism The effects of glucocorticoids on glycogen accumulation appear to be predominantly, although not exclusively, insulin dependent, because glycogen... 

Figure 2.10 The opposing effects of insulin and glucagon on energy metabolism. Insulin stimulation (1+) or inhibition (I-) glucagon stimulation (G+) or inhibition (G-).

Involvement of PI3K/PKB Signalling in Insulin Effects on Fatty Acid Metabolism... 

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ACE INHIBITORS Serious untoward reactions to ACE inhibitors are rare, and they generally are well tolerated. Metabolic side effects are not encountered during long-term therapy with ACE inhibitors. The drugs do not alter plasma concentrations of uric acid or Ca + and actually may improve insulin sensitivity in patients with insulin resistance and decrease cholesterol and lipoprotein(a) levels in proteinuric renal disease. 

Vives, V., Sancho, ]. Gomezcap, ].A. (1981) Studies in vivo and in vitro of insulin effect on the metabolism of glucose in different chicken tissues. Comp. Biochem. Physiol, 69B, 479-485. 

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