Carbohydrates, metabolic effects

Absorption route Can enter the body by inhalation or ingastion. Evapwvtion negligible at 2CTC. but harmful concentrations of airborne particles can build up rapidly. Immediate effects Irritates the eyes and respiratory tract. Affects the nervous system. Affects carbohydrate metabolism. Effects of prokmged/repeated exposure Can cause liver and kidney damage. ... 

Biopsy findings show disseminated muscle fiber atrophy which is confined to type 2 fibers, in many instances with type 2B (glycolytic) fibers most affected (Figure 23). Muscle necrosis is not seen, though at ultrastructural level focal myofibrillar disruption and myofilament loss may be evident. The muscle atrophy seems to be due to decreased protein synthesis, and at high doses, to increased catabolism. The reason for the selective effect on phasic, glycolytic fibers is not clear since, although steroids interfere with carbohydrate metabolism and oxidative capacity, there seems to be no overall effect on ATP levels. Nevertheless it has been... 

Ghanges in the availability of substrates are responsible for most changes in metabolism either directly or indirectly acting via changes in hormone secretion. Three mechanisms are responsible for regulating the activity of enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism (1) changes in the rate of enzyme synthesis, (2) covalent modification by reversible phosphorylation, and (3) allosteric effects. 

Macdonald I, Vrana A (editors) Metabolic Effects of Dietary Carbohydrates. Karger, 1986. 

WOLVER T M s, JENKINS D J A (1993) Effect of dietary fiber and foods on carbohydrate metabolism. Dietary Fiber in Nutrition. In Ed. Spiller G A, Boca Raton, FL CRC Press. 111-52. 

Hamilton, I. R. (1977). The effects of fluoride on enzymatic regulation of bacterial carbohydrate metabolism. Caries Research, 11 (Supplement 1), 321-7. 

Weir, J., Noakes, T.D., Myburgh, K., and Adams, B., A high carbohydrate diet negates the metabolic effects of caffeine during exercise, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 19, 100, 1987. 

Carbohydrate metabolism in the organism tissues encompasses enzymic processes leading either to the breakdown of carbohydrates (catabolic pathways), or to the synthesis thereof (anabolic pathways). Carbohydrate breakdown leads to energy release or intermediary products that are necessary for other biochemical processes. The carbohydrate synthesis serves for replenishment of polysaccharide reserve or for renewal of structural carbohydrates. The effectiveness of various routes of carbohydrate metabolism in tissues and organs is defined by the availability of appropriate enzymes in them. 

Vanover, L. and Komuniecki, P.R. (1989) Effect of gas phase on carbohydrate metabolism of Ascaris suum larvae. Molecular Biochemical Parasitology 36, 29-40. 

Hormones have a profound effect on carbohydrate metabolism. Great interest has been aroused by reports of hormonal control of hexokinase activity by specific proteins in animal tissues.99- 100 Hexokinase action is the rate-limiting step in the uptake of D-glucose by muscle. Hexokinase is inhibited in diabetic muscle, but the inhibition can be partially reversed by insulin. A protein fraction from the anterior pituitary gland will inhibit the hexokinase of extracts of brain and muscle, and the effect of this... 

Alkahem, H.F. 1995. Effects of nickel on carbohydrate metabolism of Oreochromis niloticus. Dirasat Ser. B Pure Appl. Sci. 22B 83-88. 

Ghazaly, K.S. 1992. Sublethal effects of nickel on carbohydrate metabolism, blood and mineral contents of Tilapia nilotica. Water Air Soil Pollut. 64 525-532. 

The new progestins are believed to have little, if any, effect on carbohydrate metabolism. Nonsmoking women younger than 35 years with diabetes, but no vascular disease, can safely use CHCs, but diabetic women with vascular disease or diabetes of more than 20 years duration should not use OCs. 

Brown J. Effects of 2-deoxyglucose on carbohydrate metabolism review of the literature and studies in the rat. Metabolism 1962 11 1098-1112. 

Palsamy P, Subramanian S. (2009) Modulatory effects of resveratrol on attenuating the key enzymes activities of carbohydrate metabolism in strep-tozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. Chem Biol Interact 179 356-362. 

Chandramohan G, Ignacimnthn S, Pngalendi KV. (2008) A novel componnd from Casearia esculenta (Roxb.) root and its effect on carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 590 437-443. 

In all organisms, carbohydrate metabolism is subject to complex regulatory mechanisms involving hormones, metabolites, and coenzymes. The scheme shown here (still a simplified one) applies to the liver, which has central functions in carbohydrate metabolism (see p. 306). Some of the control mechanisms shown here are not effective in other tissues. 

The effects of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism are discussed on p. 158. In simplified terms, they can be described as stimulation of glucose utilization and inhibition of gluconeogenesis. In addition, the transport of glucose from the blood into most tissues is also insulin-dependent (exceptions to this include the liver, CNS, and erythrocytes). 

Cortisol, the most important g/ucocorticoid, is synthesized by the adrenal cortex, it is involved in regulating protein and carbohydrate metabolism by promoting protein degradation and the conversion of amino acids into glucose. As a result, the blood glucose level rises (see p. 152). Synthetic glucocorticoids (e.g., dexamethasone) are used in drugs due to their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects. 

Some of the effects of insulin on the carbohydrate metabolism (right part of the illustration) are possible without protein synthesis. In addition to Grb-2, another dimeric adaptor protein can also bind to phosphorylated IRS. This adaptor protein thereby acquires phos-phatidylinositol-3-kinase activity (PI3K) and, in the membrane, phosphorylates phospholi-... 

W18. Wynn, V., and Doar, J. W. H., Some effects of oral contraceptives on carbohydrate metabolism. Lancet li, 715-719 (1966). 

Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism Effects of implants on carbohydrate metabolism appear to be minimal. Carefully observe diabetic and prediabetic patients. 

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