Effect on carbohydrate metabolism

Hormones have a profound effect on carbohydrate metabolism. Great interest has been aroused by reports of hormonal control of hexokinase activity by specific proteins in animal tissues.99- 100 Hexokinase action is the rate-limiting step in the uptake of D-glucose by muscle. Hexokinase is inhibited in diabetic muscle, but the inhibition can be partially reversed by insulin. A protein fraction from the anterior pituitary gland will inhibit the hexokinase of extracts of brain and muscle, and the effect of this... 

The new progestins are believed to have little, if any, effect on carbohydrate metabolism. Nonsmoking women younger than 35 years with diabetes, but no vascular disease, can safely use CHCs, but diabetic women with vascular disease or diabetes of more than 20 years duration should not use OCs. 

Chandramohan G, Ignacimnthn S, Pngalendi KV. (2008) A novel componnd from Casearia esculenta (Roxb.) root and its effect on carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 590 437-443. 

Lithium blocks the release of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) mediated by thyrotropin (Kleiner et ah, 1999). This results in a decrease in circulating T4 and T3 concentrations and a feedback increase in serum thyrotropin concentration. It also inhibits thyrotropin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity (Kleiner et ah, 1999). Lithium has varying effects on carbohydrate metabolism. Increased and decreased glucose tolerance and decreased sensitivity to insulin have been observed (Van derVelde Gordon, 1969). In animals, lithium decreases hepatic cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis. 

Progesterone has little effect on protein metabolism. It stimulates lipoprotein lipase activity and seems to favor fat deposition. The effects on carbohydrate metabolism are more marked. Progesterone increases basal insulin levels and the insulin response to glucose. There is... 

Effects on carbohydrate metabolism The intravenous administration of glucagon leads to an immediate rise in blood glucose. This results... 

Glucocorticoids probably have more than one effect on carbohydrate metabolism. An increase in fasting glucagon... 

There is a disputed effect on carbohydrate metabolism, but it is at most mild and there is certainly no precipitation of diabetes in healthy women. Carbohydrate metabolism was unaffected by medroxyprogesterone in one study in which there was modest impairment of glucose tolerance among users of levonorgestrel-containing, low-dose combined oral contraceptives and progestogen-only tablets (18). 

Diabetes mellitus is a condition in which the pancreas fails to produce sufficient active insulin or produces an ineffective form of insulin. What effects on carbohydrate metabolism would this condition impart to an otherwise healthy person ... 

Although hematological, biochemical, hepatic, and renal parameters are not specific for DNOC exposure, these parameters may be measured to determine disease states caused by DNOC. One animal study demonstrated changes in these parameters following oral exposure to DNOC for intermediate-duration (Den Tonkelaar et al. 1983). Based on DNOC s mechanism (uncoupling of exudative phosphorylation), urinary ketone levels and urine and blood glucose levels may be monitored for effects on carbohydrate metabolism. 

Lipids have an adverse effect on carbohydrate metabolism under basal conditions. The infusion of 20% triglyceride emulsion with heparin during basal insulin and glucose turnover conditions resulted in a rise of plasma free fatty acids from 0.4 to 0.8 mmol/1 at a low rate of infusion (0.5 ml/minute for 2 hours) to between 1.6 and... 

Somatostatin. Somatostatin, also called growth hormone-inhibiting hormone, is a 14-amino-acid peptide found in the gastrointestinal tract, the hypothalamus, and the 6-cells of the pancreatic islets. Although somatostatin does not appear to have a direct effect on carbohydrate metabolism, it inhibits the release of growth hormone from the pituitary. In addition, somatostatin inhibits secretion of glucagon and insulin by the pancreas, thus modulating the reciprocal relationship between these two hormones. 

Hurley LS, Keen CL, Baly DL. 1984. Manganese deficiency and toxicity Effects on carbohydrate metabolism in the rat. Neurotoxicology 5 97-104. 

Brown and West later showed that adrenaline, when given with dextran or g-white intradermally or subcutaneously, is considerably more active than noradrenaline in suppressing the subsequent reaction. They suggest that an effect on carbohydrate metabolism may be involved since exogenous glucose also prevents the response. However, the sympathomimetic amines in much smaller doses also inhibit inflammatory effects of bradykinin, and in this case exogenous glucose exerts only a feeble inhibitory effect. From these and other experiments they conclude that adrenaline, and possibly noradrenaline, may act as local anti-inflammatory hormones in the tissues. 

This compound (Gy-97), in doses of 50-200 mg/kg intraperitoneally in the rat, inhibits oedema induced by dextran, 5-hydroxytryptamine or formalin, whilst chronic treatment is also active in the croton-oil granuloma-pouch test. In rats it produces a considerable increase in blood sugar the anti-inflammatory activity may be related to its effect on carbohydrate metabolism . ... 

Corticosteroids traditionally are divided into mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids according to their relative potencies in Na retention and effects on carbohydrate metabolism i.e., hepatic deposition of glycogen and gluconeogenesis) In general, potencies of steroids to sustain life in adrenalectomized animals closely parallel their mineralocorticoid activity, while potencies as antiinflammatory agents closely parallel their effects on glucose metabolism. The effects on Na" retention and the carbohydrate/anti-inflammatory actions are not closely related and reflect selective actions at distinct receptors. 

The administration of morphine is followed by a series of complex events. Analgesia, euphoria, addiction, and respiratory depression are stressed in the literature, but if morphine had only its effect on carbohydrate metabolism it would rank wdth insulin and phloridzin in interest if it had only its effect on smooth muscle it would rank with pilocarpine and physostigmine and if it had only its effect on gastric secretion and salivation it wmuld rank with histamine. But consideration of some effects is lost in the importance of analgesia and only possible counter indications to its use as an analgesic remain continuously on the experimental horizon. 

Effects on carbohydrate metabolism Sodium retention Reactions to all types of stresses Sexual development, pregnancy, growth, bone metabolism, sexual behavior Regulation of glucose metabolism... 

Prostaglandins also have an effect on carbohydrate metabolism [12], Thus it has been shown that in isolated rat adipose tissue, PGEi influences some aspects of glucose metabolism [388]. PGEi given i.v. elevates blood sugar [353, 368]. 

---