Endocrine effect

Petty et al. (1998, 2000) used a vitellogenin (VGT) assay to assess the endocrine disrupting potential of contaminants in purified SPMD extracts. VGT is an egg yolk phosphoprotein precursor that is synthesized in the liver of female teleosts in response to estrogen from the ovary (Bailey, 1957). A wide variety of environmental contaminants have been shown to have estrogenic activity (Colborn et al., 1993). Equal portions of purified extracts from SPMDs, exposed in the Missouri River after the flood of 1993 and from the IWWTP at the Nogales Wash deployment were individually injected into immature rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as described in Section 6.4. The SPMD extracts contained elevated levels of complex mixtures of contaminants, including PAHs and pesticides. The fish injected with these sample extracts exhibited VGT induction, while no induction was observed in fish injected with any of the blank sample extracts. 

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Endocrine Effects. No studies were located regarding endocrine effects in humans after inhalation... 

Overall, there is only weak evidence to suggest that levels in the environment to which the general population is exposed could induce adverse endocrine effects. 

As discussed in the Endocrine Effects section, endosulfan has shown weak estrogenic properties in some in vitro assays, but no such properties could be confirmed in studies in vivo. 

Gray LE, Ostby J, Wolf C, et al. 1998. The value of mechanistic studies in laboratory animals for the prediction of reproductive effects in wildlife Endocrine effects of mammalian sexual differentiation. Environ Toxicol Chem 17(1) 109-118. 

Ethionamide Adults 15-20 mg/kg per day, usually 500-750 mg/day in a single daily dose or two divided doses Children 15-20 mg/kg per day Gastrointestinal effects, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, endocrine effects Baseline FFTs Monthly FFTs if underlying liver disease is present TSH at baseline and monthly intervals... 

Endocrine Effects. Degenerative changes of the thyroid have been noted in dogs acutely exposed to 241Am by inhalation. Severe thyroid damage has also been shown to occur following repeated intravenous injection of241 Am. 

No data were located regarding gastrointestinal effects, endocrine effects, dermal effects, or ocular effects in humans or animals following acute-, intermediate-, or chronic-duration inhalation exposure to americium. 

No endocrine effects were seen in acute inhalation exposure to a triaryl phosphate mixture (Cellulube 220) for rabbits at 2,000 mg/m3 (Carpenter et al. 1959). In studies on rats, hamsters and rabbits no endocrine... 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. No information on endocrine effects in humans or animals following inhalation, oral of dermal exposure to mineral oil hydraulic fluids was located. 

Chronic animal studies of organophosphates are few in number, but those that do exist provide a useful base from which to draw toxicological insight. In rats and mice exposed orally to tricresyl phosphate for 2 years, endocrine effects were found in a dose-response pattern and hepatic effects were found. Ovarian interstitial hyperplasia was also observed but was not dose related. No chronic-duration MRLs could be derived because of the limited number of studies. Tricresyl phosphate, a component of certain hydraulic fluids, produced no evidence of carcinogenic activity in assays with rats and mice (NTP 1994). However, another component, tributyl phosphate, was associated with an increased incidence of bladder tumors in rats and mice (FMC 1994a, 1994b). 

Many of these compounds have been shown to be effective in the treatment of arthritis. Since they apparently work by a mechanism different from that of the corticosteroids and are structurally unrelated, they have no corresponding endocrine effects. 

Endocrine Effects. The effects of lead exposure on thyroid function have been examined in... 

Endocrine Effects. No studies were located regarding endocrine effects in humans or animals after oral exposure to inorganic lead. See Section 2.2.1.2 for a discussion of endocrine effects of lead in humans after multi-route exposure to lead. 

Bicalutamide -nonsteroidal antiandrogen -endocrine effects -hot flashes -decreased libido -depression -weight gain -constipation... 

Leuprolide -LHRH agonist -endocrine effects -hot flashes -decreased libido -gynecomastia (3%) -breast tenderness -impotence (2%) -nausea and vomiting (uncommon) -transient increase in bone pain -peripheral edema -dizziness, headache... 

Nearly all of the interleukins are soluble molecules (one form of IL-1 is cell associated). They promote their biological response by binding to specific receptors on the surface of target cells. Most interleukins exhibit paracrine activity (i.e. the target cells are in the immediate vicinity of the producer cells), although some display autocrine activity (e.g. IL-2 can stimulate the growth and differentiation of the cells that produce it). Other interleukins display more systematic endocrine effects (e.g. some activities of IL-1). 

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