Chicken

Figure2-116. Graphical representations of molecular surfaces of phenylalanine a) dots b) mesh or chicken-wire c) solid d) semi-transparent,...

Depending on the application, models of molecular surfaces arc used to express molecular orbitals, clcaronic densities, van dor Waals radii, or other forms of display. An important definition of a molecular surface was laid down by Richards [182] with the solvent-accessible envelope. Normally the representation is a cloud of points, reticules (meshes or chicken-wire), or solid envelopes. The transparency of solid surfaces may also be indicated (Figure 2-116). 

To display properties on molecular surfaces, two different approaches are applied. One method assigns color codes to each grid point of the surface. The grid points are connected to lines chicken-wire) or to surfaces (solid sphere) and then the color values are interpolated onto a color gradient [200]. The second method projects colored textures onto the surface [202, 203] and is mostly used to display such properties as electrostatic potentials, polarizability, hydrophobidty, and spin density. 

Anyway, one has the P2P/crap oil, right Right. Next one makes a saturated sodium bisulfite solution by dissolving as much sodium bisulfite as will dissolve in a given amount of water (say, lOOOmL). Now one adds the MD-P2P oil into some of the saturated solution and stirs for 30 minutes. The temperature of the reaction will rise and a big old mass of P2P crystals will form. People often say that the crystals look like chicken fat. Those crystals formed because the bisulfite from the sodium bisulfite latched onto the ketone of the P2P to form a precipitate. And since the P2P is probably the only oil component with a ketone, it is gonna be the only thing of any consequence that crystallizes. 

Beriberi, Thiamine Deficiency. The recognition of vitamins and their importance to the health of human beings came about when Eijkman, a Dutch pathologist, was sent to Java in an attempt to cure an epidemic of beriberi that had appeared in one of the hospitals. Eijkman kept a flock of chickens on the hospital grounds to assist in discovering the disease agent he assumed was involved in the etiology of beriberi. These chickens were fed the scraps from the plates of the hospital patients—primarily poHshed rice, the common food in that part of the world (11). 

Addition of Mercaptans. One of the largest uses of acrolein is the production of 3-methylmercaptopropionaldehyde [3268-49-3] which is an intermediate in the synthesis of Dj.-methionine [59-51-8] an important chicken feed supplement. 

Table 2. Nutrient Requirements of Broiler Chickens at Specific Ages, Weeks...

The various FDA approved (ca 1992) feed additives for chicken, turkey, and swine, grouped according to their usage, are as follows ... 

Food efficiency/growth promotion in chicken, turkey, swine arsanilic acid... 

Egg hatchabihty in chicken bacitracin zinc Egg production in chicken bacitracin methylene disahcylate... 

A particular mode of neurotoxicity was discovered for tricresyl phosphate that correlated with the presence of the o-cresyl isomer (or certain other specific aLkylphenyl isomers) in the triaryl phosphates. Many details of the chemistry and biochemistry of the toxic process have been elucidated (139,140,143—146). The use of low ortho-content cresols has become the accepted practice in industrial production of tricresyl phosphate. Standard in vivo tests, usually conducted with chickens sensitive to this mode of toxicity, have been developed for premarket testing of new or modified triaryl phosphates. As of 1992, the EPA called for extensive new toxicity and environmental data on this group of products (147). The Vederal e ster AoQ xm. ci. calling for this... 

Drugs. Ring-fluotinated aromatics have found broad pharmaceutical appHcations, eg, in tranquilizers, hypnotics, sedatives, antibacterial agents (qv), etc. Representative monofluorinated dmgs are Hsted in Table 4. Arprinocid [5579-18-15] is a fluoroaromatic-based veterinary dmg that has found wide acceptance as a coccidiostat for chicken feed. 

Products prepared from soy protein products and resembling chicken, ham, frankfurters, and bacon are available commercially. Soy protein isolates are used in place of milk proteins or sodium caseinate in products such as coffee creamers, whipped toppings, yogurt, and infant formulas (see Dairy substitutes). Soy protein products also are used in snacks and in baked foods. 

Fig. 1. Red meat and poultry production in the United States (1). Red meat is based on carcass weight, poultry is based on ready-to-cook weight, and 1991 production is preliminary data. (O) Veal, ( ) beef, (A) chicken, (A) pork, (D) lamb, and (B) turkey.

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