Environmental data

Unlike many of the substances discussed in this book, ONCB has primarily been used as a chemical intermediate to s)mthesize other substances rather than being produced for use as a pure substance or in chemical formulations. That limits the potential for environmental release to manufacturing facilities rather than dispersed consumer use, in contrast to a substance such as 1,4-dichlorobenzene used in products including toilet blocks and air fresheners. 

A search of the scientific literature and governmental publications suggests that few researchers have studied the occurrence or distribution of ONCB in the environment. A few publications describe evidence of ONCB in the Mississippi River in the United States, as discussed further below. ONCB has also been detected in studies of surface water in Germany and China. 

Product Stewardship Life Cycle Analysis and the Environment 

Studies of the environmental concentrations of ONCB in other parts of the world appear to be even more limited. Researchers reported in 1990 that they had detected ONCB in water samples from the Rhine River at Mainz, Germany at 0.08 to 0.12 micrograms per liter [46]. A subsequent study of surface waters in Germany between 1991 and 2000 showed that the environmental concentration of ONCB (90th percentile) was in the range of 0.005 to 0.58 micrograms per liter [47]. 

A study circa 2006, of water quality at monitoring stations on the Yellow River in China, detected ONCB in samples from 9 of 12 stations at concentrations ranging up to 2.518 micrograms per liter [48]. 

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A particular mode of neurotoxicity was discovered for tricresyl phosphate that correlated with the presence of the o-cresyl isomer (or certain other specific aLkylphenyl isomers) in the triaryl phosphates. Many details of the chemistry and biochemistry of the toxic process have been elucidated (139,140,143—146). The use of low ortho-content cresols has become the accepted practice in industrial production of tricresyl phosphate. Standard in vivo tests, usually conducted with chickens sensitive to this mode of toxicity, have been developed for premarket testing of new or modified triaryl phosphates. As of 1992, the EPA called for extensive new toxicity and environmental data on this group of products (147). The Vederal e ster AoQ xm. ci. calling for this... 

Several studies on FWAs have concluded that diarninostilbenedisulfonic acid/cyanuric chloride (DAS/CC) and distyrylbiphenyl (DSBP) type whiteners are of a low order of toxicity. Thek safety has been extensively reviewed by governmental agencies there is no evidence of human health ha2ards. FWA producers and users consider these products to be both safe and beneficial to the ultimate consumer. This view is supported by appropriate trade associations. A comprehensive review of available safety and environmental data has been pubflshed (82). In addition, principal suppHers are conducting life cycle analyses on the primary whiteners in use (ca 1993). 

K. Verschueren, Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., Inc., New York, p. 260. 

TDS UMERICA. This is another source for numeric databases (58). This company provides different on-line databases and software for chemistry, engineering, and environmental data. A summary of its databases is contained ia Table 7. 

Environmental Data Handbook, American Can Company, Technical Information Center, Barrington, fll. 

TSCA sec. 8(d) submission 878214937/ Summary of environmental data, Dow item 1594, The Dow Chemical Company, Office of Toxic Substances, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C., 1985. 

Anthony J. Buonicore, M.Ch.E., P.E., Diplomate AAEE, CEO, Environmental Data Resources, Inc. Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Air and Waste Management Association (Section 25, Waste Management)... 

It is essential that health, safety, and environmental data be shared between the parties. This can be mentioned in the contract or a sup-... 

Doty, S. R., Wallace, B. L., and Holzworth, G. C., "A Climatological Analysis of Pasquill Stability Categories Based on STAR Summaries." National Climatic Center, Environmental Data Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, NC, 1976. 

Specific weather intormation lor most U.S. locations is available from U.S. Department of Commerce Environmental Science Services Administration Environmental Data Service National Climatic Center... 

Add or eliminate medical tests as indicated by current industrial hygiene and environmental data. 

Electronic version of Sax s Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 9th ed., Hawley s Condensed Chemical Dictionaiy Prager s Environmental Contaminant Reference Databook, Vols, I, II III Verschueren s Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals, 3rd ed. and Pohan-ish and Greene s Hazardous Materials Handbook, on CD-ROM, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 1998. 

The organization for Economic Co-operation and Development publishes a compendium on environmental data including river monitoring, also on a biannual basis. The most recent edition includes 5 year incremental data from 1970 through 1985 for chromium, copper, lead, cadmium, ammonia, nitrate, phosphorous, dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand 28),... 

GEMS Monitoring and Assessment Research Center, London, UK, Environmental Data Report. United Nations Environmental Program, Blockwell, England, 1989. 

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Compendium of Environmental Data, 1989. OECD, Paris, France. 

Kasprzyk-Hordem B, Dinsdale RM, Guwy AJ (2009) Illicit dmgs and pharmaceuticals in the environment - forensic applications of environmental data. Part 2 Pharmaceuticals as chemical markers of faecal water contamination. Environ Pollut 157(6) 1778-1786... 

Verschueren K. 1983. Handbook of environmental data on organic chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 559-560. 

Daston GP, Gooch JW, Breslin WJ, et al. 1997. Environmental estrogens and reproductive health A discussion of the human and environmental data. Reprod Toxicol 1(4) 465-481. 

Montgomery JH. 1993. Agrochemicals desk reference- environmental data. Boca Raton, FL Lewis Publishers, 192-193. 

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