Chicken glutathione

For protection of domestic cattle, feeds should contain <0.05 mg diflubenzuron/kg FW. Cottonseed may be added to cattle diets provided that diflubenzuron concentrations in the seed do not exceed 0.2 mg/kg FW and that cottonseed composes <17% of the total diet bulk (Gartrell 1981). Diflubenzuron causes biochemical upset, as judged by lowered testosterone levels in chickens and rats (USEPA 1979), altered glutathione 5-transferase activity in mouse liver (which adversely affects the ability to detoxify foreign substances by way of conjugation Young et al. 1986), and disrupted hydroxylamine activity in human infants (USEPA 1979). Additional research seems needed on biochemical alterations induced by diflubenzuron. No diflubenzuron criteria are currently recommended for protection of avian and mammalian wildlife. All data available suggest that wildlife species are about as tolerant to diflubenzuron as are domestic poultry and livestock however, the wildlife database seems inadequate for practicable criteria formulation. 

Couri D, Abdel-Rahman MS. 1980. Effect of chlorine dioxide and metabolites on glutathione dependent system in rat, mouse and chicken blood. J Environ Pathol Toxicol 3 451-460. 

Liu, L-F., Wu, S.-H. Tam, M.F. (1993). Nucleotide sequence of class-a glutathione S-transferases from chicken liver. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1216, 332-4. 

Maurice, D.V., Lightsey, S.F., Kuo-Tung, H. Rhoades, J.F. (1991). Comparison of glutathione Stransferase activity in the rat and birds tissue distribution and rhythmicity in chicken (Callus domesticus) liver. Comp, Biochem. Physiol, lOOB, 471-4. 

Yeung, T.C Gidari, A.S. (1980). Purification and properties of a chicken liver glutathione S-transferase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 205, 404-11. 

Yamauchi, K., Yada, K., Ohashi, T. and Pearson, A.M. (1984b) The interrelationship between polyunsaturated fatty acids, a-tocopherol and glutathione peroxidase in chicken and porcine skeletal muscles. Agric. Biol. Chem. 48, 2831-2832. 

Treatment of Addison s disease with adrenal cortical extract or by implantation of desoxycorticosterone restored the blood GSH levels (165). It has been suggested that the low blood GSH level in the Addisonian human subject may be related to the associated sodium loss which occurs (98). It would be of interest, therefore, to know whether sodium deficiency per se in man will lower the blood GSH level and whether the tissue GSH levels change in Addison s disease. For whereas sodium deficiency does not change the blood GSH level in the chicken or guinea pig, this condition lowers the blood GSH in the rat without affecting the tissue levels (28). It would also be of interest to determine the total blood glutathione (GSH +-GSSG) level in the sodium-deficient rat. 

Costa M, Christie NT, Cantoni O, Zelikoff J, Wang XW, Rossman TG (1991) DNA damage by mercury compound. In Imura N, Clarkson T (eds) Advances in mercury toxicology. Plenum, New York, pp 255-273 Cupo DY, Wetterhahn KE (1985) Modification of chromium (Vl)-induced DNA damage by glutathione and cytochromes P-450 in chicken embryo hepatocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82 6755-6759... 

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