Rabbits and chickens

Continuous exposure for 30-160 days to aerosols of a triaryl phosphate U.S. military hydraulic fluid, triaryl phosphate (see Table 3-1), produced paralysis in rabbits and chickens after exposure to 102 mg/m3 and 23 mg/m3, respectively, but not after exposure to respective concentrations of 34 mg/m3 or 4.4 mg/m3 (Siegel et al. 1965). Continuous exposure to triaryl phosphate at 110, 103, or 4.4 mg/m3, respectively, produced no signs of neurotoxicity in rats after 36 days, dogs after 99 days, or monkeys after 108 days (Siegel et al. 1965). Intermittent exposure (8 hours/day, 5 days/week for 30 exposures) to 50 mg/m3 triaryl phosphate produced no neurotoxic signs in squirrel monkeys (Siegel et al. 1965). Aerosols of Durad... 

Hamada, S., Senzaki, K., Hamaguchi-Hamada, K. et al. (1998). Localization of 5-HT2a receptor in rat cerebral cortex and olfactory system revealed by immuno-histochemistry using two antibodies raised in rabbit and chicken. Molec. Brain Res. 54, 199-211. 

In the case of spontaneous autoimmune diseases mice are the most frequently used animal model. With the advent of transgenic and genetically modified (knockout, KO) mice, the number of genetically predisposed autoimmune models has substantially increased. Other species that have been useful include rats, monkeys, cats, dogs, rabbits, and chickens for some specific forms of autoimmune diseases [4, 5]. 

The genetic modification of livestock stems from a desire to enhance growth, increase production of high protein milk and cheese, facilitate biomedical research, as well as potentially protect against incidental toxicity via exposure to pesticides that may be associated with food crops. Animal genomes that have been successfully modified include sheep, pigs, cows, rabbits, and chickens. Two key research areas applied to livestock are discussed below. 

Kawashima, S., Nomoto, M., Hayashi, M., Inomata, M Nakamura, M. Imahori, K. (1984). Comparison of caldum-activated neutral proteases from skeletal muscle of rabbit and chicken.. Biodiem., 95, 95-101. 

Problem. Numerous rabbits and chickens are confined in a big cage. There are 50 heads and 140 legs. How many rabbits and how many chickens are in the cage Solve this problem without using algebraic equations. 

Nickel salts, administered parenterally, induced a rapid transitory hyperglycemia in rats, rabbits, and chickens [38-42]. Given intravenously they decrease blood flow in the coronary arteries of dogs. Nickel chloride affects the T-cell system and suppresses the activity of natural killer cells [43,44]. 

The literature concerning thiaminases is still confused in some respects. Thus, according to some reports, bracken and other plants would contain heat-stable substances capable of destroying thiamine evidently not enzymes, but often mentioned together with these. Some have later been identified as flavonoids, phenols and tannins. In one report thiaminase has been claimed to occur in tissues of rabbits and chickens s, but this has never been confirmed. 

A number of glycoproteins (mol. wt. 1.9—6 x 10 ) have been detected in peripheral nerve myelin from rabbit and chicken. ... 

A more extensive investigation of immunological cross-reactivity of mammalian IgA s was subsequently reported by Neoh et al. (105a), who utilized in their tests sheep, goat, rabbit, and chicken antisera specific for human IgA. A protein cross-reacting with human IgA was identified in the plasma of nearly all of the more than 90 mammalian species tested. The chicken antiserum was especially useful for demonstrating reactivity of nonprimate IgA. Among the relatively few species whose sera failed to react with anti-IgA were several artiodactyls (big horned sheep, antelope, etc.). In view of the diversity of mammalian species in which IgA has been identified it seems reasonable to extrapolate to the conclusion that it may be present in all mammals (104). 

Reetz and Jiao demonstrated the use of phthalocyanine-copper complex (267) in combination with a number of serum albumins as protein hosts in enantioselective Diels-Alder reactions of cyclopentadiene with azachalcones (Scheme 17.60) [86]. The combination of achiral Lewis acid (267) and bovine serum albumin as chiral host was determined to be optimal, giving the desired cycloadducts in good to excellent selectivities. Human, porcine, and sheep serum albumins also gave significant enantioselectivity, while rabbit and chicken-egg serum albumins resulted in nearly racemic cycloadduct. 

Atherosclerosis can occur spontaneously in various animals for instance, in old hens (Weitzel, 1956) and in the parrot (Cohrs, 1957), and probably in other animals (fed by man ) too. The atheroma, easily induced by high-cholesterol diets in rabbits and chickens cannot be considered comparable to the spontaneous disease in man. Such experiments as that carried out by Fillios et al. (1956), who supplemented purified diets with cholesterol, sodium cholate, and thiouracil, should be left out of consideration because a low basal metabolic rate was induced. However, the rats developed a blood pattern like that present in the human patient, together with coronary and aortic lesions, and lesions in the heart valves. Because no similar data for toxemia in pregnancy have yet been found, only the results in mammals with a normal metabolic rate will be considered. Similarly, animal experiments in which cholate, cholic acid, or other surface-active agents are used cannot be considered here. 

A survey of glucokinase activity in different muscles from different mammals indicates a variation in specific activity. Thus, in the rabbit the sequence of glucokinase activity is heart muscle > skeletal muscle > stomach muscle > diaphragm muscle, the ratio of activities being 1 1.5 0.5 O.2. In the rat the ratio of heart to skeletal muscle activity is 1.4 in the guinea pig, 1.6 and in the chicken, 1.9. Extracts of skeletal muscle of rat and man are significantly more active than those obtained from similar muscles of the guinea pig, rabbit, and chicken. 

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