Chicken extract

Whether it is possible to raise carnosine levels in human brain is unknown. One study in rats has shown that oral administration of chicken extract (a major source of carnosine in humans too) did provoke an increase in brain carnosine levels a single dose of the chicken extract led to an increase in carnosine levels within 30 min in plasma, but 1 or 2 h duration were required for increased levels of carnosine to be observed in the cerebral cortex, hypthalamus, and hippocampus (Tomonaga et ah, 2007). It is uncertain whether these effects result from direct uptake of the carnosine from plasma or a consequence of de novo synthesis. In a study using senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP8), it was found that oral supplementation with creatine provoked, at 25 weeks of age, a transient 88% increase in muscle carnosine content, accompanied by a 40% increase in anserine content, which coincided with an improvement in resistance to contractile fatigue (Derave et ah, 2008). At 60 weeks, no differences were detectable between the creatine-supplemented and control animals in terms of their muscle... 

Chicken extract was obtained from whole chicken carcasses by heating the carcasses with water (Figure 22.3). Then, the extract was treated with ion exchange resin to remove acidic and neutral amino acids and proteins. The chicken extract after the treatment with the ion exchange resin contained 6.79 g/L of anserine and carnosine, and their purity was 60%-70%. Impurities contained in the extract after the treatment with the ion exchange resin were creatinine and sodium chloride. Concentrations of these impurities were 2.30 g/L and 0.85 g/L, respectively. The extract after the treatment with the ion exchange resin was used as material for membrane separation experiments. A bench-scale membrane separation unit supplied by DSS (Danish Separation System) was used in this study. 

To purify anserine and carnosine contained in the chicken extract, impurities (mainly creatinine and sodium chloride) need to be removed. Molecular weights of these impurities are 113 and 58, respectively, while average molecular weight of anserine and carnosine is 234. Therefore, 13 different kinds of nanofiltration membranes that had NaCl rejection values of 10% to 60% or molecular weight cutoff values of 700 to 2,500 were chosen. Membranes tested in this study are listed in Table 22.1. 

A summary of results obtained in the total circulation experiments with the 13 different nanofiltration membranes is listed in Table 22.2. The purpose of the nanofiltration treatment is to improve the purity of anserine and carnosine contained in the feed solution by removing impurities such as creatinine and sodium chloride into the permeate (Figure 22.8). Therefore, a membrane that shows higher rejection ability against anserine and carnosine and low rejection ability against creatinine and sodium ion is preferred for this purpose. Furthermore, higher permeate flux value implies that a process with the membrane will require smaller membrane area and lower initial cost. Based on these criteria, four membranes (NFT-50, DRA-4510, Desal DK, and Desal DL) were chosen as suitable membranes for purification and concentration of anserine and carnosine from chicken extract. 

To add extra value to discarded chicken carcasses and utilize them, efficiency of a membrane process for purification and concentration of antioxidative dipeptides contained in chicken extract was investigated. 

Yanai, N., S. Shiotani, M. Mizuno, H. Nabetani, and M. Nakajima. 2004. Characteristics of anti-oxidative activity of carnosine and anserine mixture isolated from chicken extract comparison with other botanical antioxidants. Journal of the Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology 51 238-246. 

Nabetani, H., N. Yanai, and M. Mizuno. 2006. Separation and purification of antioxidative dipeptides, anserine and carnosine, in chicken extract, and evaluation of their physiological functionality. Japan Journal of Food Engineering 1 15-23. 

Chicken extract is obtained by evaporation of chicken broth or by extraction of chicken halves with water at 80 °C, followed by a concentration step under vacuum to an end-product of 70-80% solids. 

After the commission reported, it took some time for the government to extract Richter from his island surprisingly, he was allowed to retire peacefully and (I was informed at the time of my visit) to take up chicken farming near Buenos Aires. So by 1953, there was a mass of virtually unused laboratory equipment on the isle of... 

In 1994, Nam and King (68) developed a SFE/SFC/GC instrumentation system for the quantitative analysis of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues in fatty food samples (chicken fat, ground beef and lard). In this way, SFC was used as an on-line clean-up step to remove extracted material. The fraction containing pesticide residues is then diverted and analysed by GC. 

Spices Rosemary (1000 ppm of extract with 0.92 mmol/g total phenols) Rosemary (200 ppm of extract with 0.92 mmol/g total phenol) Dried chicken meat for soup powder (up to 1000 ppm is acceptable sensorically) Potato flakes for mashed potatoes (up to 200 ppm is acceptable sensorically) Rosemary extract gave better protection than extracts of tea, grape skin or coffee Rosemary extract gave better protection than extracts of green tea, grape skin or coffee Nissen et al., 2000 Nissen et al., 2002... 

Marigold extract (lutein-xanthophylls) E 161b 10% lutein Lutein, vegetable oil Egg yellow Chicken feeds, pet foods... 

Until this point, the sample preparation techniques under discussion have relied upon differences in polarity to separate the analyte and the sample matrix in contrast, ultraflltration and on-line dialysis rely upon differences in molecular size between the analyte and matrix components to effect a separation. In ultrafiltration, a centrifugal force is applied across a membrane filter which has a molecular weight cut-off intended to isolate the analyte from larger matrix components. Furusawa incorporated an ultrafiltration step into his separation of sulfadimethoxine from chicken tissue extracts. Some cleanup of the sample extract may be necessary prior to ultrafiltration, or the ultrafiltration membranes can become clogged and ineffective. Also, one must ensure that the choice of membrane filter for ultrafiltration is appropriate in terms of both the molecular weight cut-off and compatibility with the extraction solvent used. 

Kennedy et al. developed a lasalocid immunoassay for application to residues in chicken meat and liver samples. The antibody was specific and did not cross-react with salinomycin, maduramicin, or monensin. Sample preparation consisted of homogenization in aqueous acetonitrile, removal of fat from an aliquot of the aqueous acetonitrile by hexane extraction, and evaporation of acetonitrile. The sample was then reconstituted with assay buffer. Liver required an additional solid phase extraction step. The LOQ was 0.02 xgkg for muscle and 0.15 agkg for liver. These workers were able to use the system to determine the half-life of lasalocid in the tissues. 

Jo and others (2006) applied this assay to determine the antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts from Japanese apricot in chicken breast meat. Likewise, Pearson and others (1998) assessed two types of Japanese green tea from Japan and two of their active compounds, catechin and epicatechin, for their relative abilities to inhibit the oxidation of LDL. Also, Pearson and others (1999) assessed the ability of compounds in apple juices and extracts from fresh apple to protect LDL. Heinonen and others (1998b) observed that berry phenolics inhibited hexanal formation in oxidized human LDL. 

Extraction of nalidixic acid with chloroform from utine has also been reported.(40) Another fluorimetric method for chicken liver and muscle containing not less than 100 ppb nalidixic acid was reported by Browning(9) using an ethyl-acetate extraction and alumina column to retain the nalidixic acid. The fluorescence was measured at 325/408 nm. 

J.Y. Shen, M.R. Kim, C.J. Lee, I.S. Kim, K.B. Lee and J.H. Shim, Supercritical fluid extraction of the fluoroquinolones norfloxacin and ofloxacin from orally heated chicken breast muscles. Anal. Chim. Acta 513 (2004) 451-455. 

Another group of non-histone proteins have been identified as essential components for the formation of the condensed chromosome (Table 1). Topoisomerase II (topo II) localizes in the scaffold/matrix fraction of the interphase nuclear (Berrios et al., 1985) and the mitotic chromosome (Maeshima and Laemmli, 2003) (see section 3.1). Topo II forms a ring-shaped homodimer (Berger et al, 1996 Nettikadan et al, 1998) and catalyzes the decatenation and relaxation of DNA double strand (Wang, 2002). In fission yeast, chromosomes cannot be condensed without functional topo II (Uemura et al, 1987). In addition, in in vitro experiment, mitotic extracts containing topo II induce chromatin condensation in the isolated nuclei from HeLa and chicken erythrocyte cells (Adachi et al., 1991). 

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