Chicken litter

Kumar B, Yaduraju NT, Ahuja KN, Prasad D (1993) Effect of soil solarization on weeds and nematodes under tropical Indian conditions. Weed Res 33 423-429 Kurt S, Emir B (2004) Effect of soil solarization, chicken litter and viscera on populations of soilborne fungal pathogens. Plant Pathol J 3 118-124 Kyrikou I, Briassoulis D (2007) Biodegradation of agricultural plastic films a critical review. 

Mushobozy D, Khan VA, Stevens C (1998) The use of soil solarization to control weeds, plant diseases, and integration of chicken litter amendment for tomato production in Tanzania. In Proceedings of the 27th national agricultural plastics congress of american society for plasti-culture, p 279-285... 

Along with carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, lignocellulosic biomass also contains hetero elements such as alkali and other metals. The amounts of these ashes vary over a broad range, from 30-50 wt.% in chicken litter to 1-3 wt.% in wood. Moisture is always present in lignocellulosic biomass and can be up to 80 wt.% in some cases. Detailed information on the composition of biomasses can be found in data bases, e.g., Phyllis [21] from the Dutch Energy Research Foundation (ECN). Table 6.2 lists the compositions of some typical biomasses. 

Ryan JJ, Pilon JC. 1982. Chlorinated-dibenzodioxins and dibenzofiirans in chicken litter and livers arising from pentachlorophenol contamination of wood shavings. In Hutzinger O., ed. Chlorinated dioxins and related compounds Impact on the environment. New York, NY Pergamon Press, 183-189. 

A major fraction of paddy rice is the hull. The hull is non-digestible, fibrous and abrasive in character, and has a low bulk density and a high ash content, ft is used only in limited, low-value applications, such as in animal feed, in chicken litter, as a juice pressing aid and as fuel.15... 

Clinical reports have shown that botulism occurs in livestock and some outbreaks can be associated with feedstuff containing animal carcasses (Bienvenu et al, 1990 Kinde et al, 1991 Braim et al, 2005 Otter et al, 2006). Type D botulism has been identified in cattle fed chicken litter, type C has been associated with ensiled chicken litter, and type B has been associated with forages (Long and Tauscher, 2006). 

Steam raising utility and industrial boilers firing (e.g., anthracite, bituminous, sub-bituminous, lignite and brown coals, heavy and light fuel oils, orimulsion, petroleum coke, etc.) biomass (wood, straw, chicken litter, grain husks, etc.). 

Other lignin applications of NIR included research on flax fiber [148], compost prepared from wheat straw and chicken litter [149], hard red winter and spring wheat [150], and degradation of plant cell walls by white-rot fungi [151]. 

Poultry — hydrated lime is added to chicken litter, used in intensive poultry farming, to extend the life of the litter and to provide a degree of protection... 

Chicken litter, which consists of chicken manure mixed with sawdust, is an organic fertilizer. Researchers at the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) studied the effects of using chicken litter, an organic fertilizer, versus synthetic fertilizers on cotton fields, and formd that fields fertilized with chicken litter had a 12% increase in cotton yields over fields fertilized with synthetic fertilizer. 

Apphcations of the Torbed include ore roasting (a typical unit 4m high X 3m ameter ng te o sulphide ore), and drying (e.g. chicken litter), where... 

In the research on gasification of biomass at Mississippi State University, a downdraft gasifier has been used for feedstocks such as hard and soft wood chips and switchgrass pellets (Wei et al 2008). The study found that the downdraft gasifier produced syngas with similar quality regardless of the three feedstocks used. Additional feedstocks, such as forestry wastes, chicken litter, gin trash, and crop residues, are scheduled to be gasified in the near future. 

In their investigation, 7 of 16 units had littered nests. Littered nests are closest to the natural nest established by wild fowl (the closest relative to domesticated chicken), which scratch a small cavity on the floor, sit in it and use loose material from the surrounding area to build a nest. 

Newsome, W.H., F. Iverson, J.J. Ryan, P.Y. Lau, and H.A. McLeod. 1984. Chlorinated compounds in tissues of chickens raised on pentachlorophenol-contaminated litter. Food Addit. Contam. 1 3-9. 

The effect of amending soil with other types of organic-rich material has also been investigated by sequential extraction. These materials include chicken manure and cowpea leaves (Li et al, 1997) spent mushroom compost, commercial humic acid and poultry litter (Shuman, 1998) and cow manure, pig manure and peat soil (Narwal and Singh, 1998). The mechanisms by which inorganic additives (zeolite, apatite and iron oxide) reduce uptake of Cd and Pb by crops have also been studied (Chlopecka and Adriano, 1997). 

Interplay exists between some of the variables for example, if the live-weight that is required to be produced is heavy, the first limiting factor will be the kg/m2 inside the house and not the allowable number of birds within the house. Similarly, on a small farm, if the farmer cannot, or does not wish to, export the end-of-crop litter from the site, the number of birds allowed will be restricted by the limiting factor that the application of nitrogen must not exceed 170 kg per year. (This is the amount produced annually by 285.7 table chickens.)... 

Sufficient ventilation. Dry rest areas. No limit on number of houses per site Permanent housing permitted but mobile houses preferred. Max 25% of floor slatted littered area to be dry and friable. Organic and non-organic chickens cannot be reared on same holding... 

Mammals are often overlooked for their pest-control abilities. For example, in Canadian forests, shrews control larch sawflies and other pests. Lizards and toads are important natural enemies of pest insects, and snakes can help control problems with mice and voles. In many communities in Europe and North America, farmers encourage birds to control pests by placing nesting boxes around their fields. Even domesticated animals can assist in pest control. If you have a small orchard and keep chickens, let the chickens feed in the orchard. They will peck pests such as plum curculios out of dropped fruit and other ground litter. 

Poultry provides another, much more complex, example of litter-contaminated food product. The complexity is generated both by the odd shape of poultry carcasses, with several concave shaded areas (under the wings and the leg folds), by the heterogeneity of the skin color due to the relative transparency of the chicken skin, and by the various causes of safety hazards in chicken here, not only litter contamination must be detected, but also cadaver, septicemia and tumor problems among others. 

Curtis R.F., Dennis C., Gee D.G., Gee M.G., Griffiths N.M., Land D.G., Peel J.L. and Robinson D. (1974) Chloroanisoles as a cause of musty taint in chickens and their microbiological formation from chloro-anisoles in broiler house litter. J. Sci. Food. Agric., 25, 811-828. 

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