Chicken embryo

Kelley, P.M. Schlesinger, M.J. (1978). The effect of amino acid analogues and heat shock gene expression in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Cell 15, 1277-1286. 

Bond, U. Schlesinger, M.J. (1985). Ubiquitin is a heat shock protein in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 5, 949-56. 

Verhallen, E.Y., van den Berg, M., and Bosveld, A.T.C. (1997). Interactive effects of the EROD—inducing potency of PHAHs in the chicken embryo hepatocyte assay. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16, 277-282. 

This method was applied to the determination of vitamin Bg concentration in chicken embryo livers ranging from 8 to 14 d of development [8]. 

Griffin G F and Chu F S (1983), Toxicity of the alternaria metabolites altemariol, altemariolmethyl ether, altemuene, and tenuazonic acid in the chicken embryo assay , Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 46, 1420-1421. 

Collier, N., and Schelsinger, M. J. (1986). The dynamic state of heat shock proteins in chicken embryo fibroblasts. J. Cell Biol. 103, 1495—1507. 

Octamethylcyclotetragermoxane reveals higher embryotoxicity for chicken embryos than acetone31,32. Oral toxicity of hexabutylcyclotrigermoxane and diethylpolygermoxane is low for chickens (2000-4000 mgkg-1)27. 

Korhonen, A., K. Hemminki, and H. Vainio. 1983. Embryotoxic effects of acrolein, methacrylates, guanidines and resorcinol on three day chicken embryos. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 52 95-99. 

Kennedy, S.W., A. Lorenzen, C.A. James, and R.J. Norstrom. 1992. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and porphyria induction in chicken embryo hepatocyte cultures — a new bioassay of PCB, PCDD, and related chemical contamination in wildlife. Chemosphere 25 193-196. 

Definition of a toxicity with culture of the primerely trepsinised chicken fibroblasts (TCF) included the following stages - incubation of chicken embryo within 11 day - tripsinisation and cultivation of a TCF cells monolayer - 2 days - contact of the tested preparation with the TCF cells monolayer an and the count of a toxicity by the citopathogenic action (CPA)-1-5 day. Hence, definition of a toxicity on cell culture borrowed 14-18 days and at the last two stages demanded strict sterility. 

Stern, et al. (43,44) reported a bioassay technique based on fetal rat bone absorption of calcitriol. Parkes and Reynolds (45) developed an in-vitro bioassay using duodenal tissue from chicken embryos. 

Grasman, K.A., and Whitacre, L.A., Effects of 3,3, 4,4, 5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) on thymocyte surface marker expression and immune organ development in chicken embryos, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 62, 101, 2001. 

Seifert J. 1989. Teratogenesis of polychlorocycloalkane insecticides in chicken embryos resulting from their interactions at the convulsant recognition sites of the GABA (pro)receptor complex. Bull Environ Contain Toxicol 42 707-715. 

Korhonen A, Hemminki K, Vainio H. 1983a. Embryotoxic effects of phthalic acid derivatives, phosphates and aromatic oils used in the manufacturing of rubber on three day chicken embryos. Drug Chem Toxicol 6 191-207. 

The purpose of the present study was to investigate a photodynamic inactivation of influenza vims in the allantoic fluid of chicken embryos. Further, we have evaluated nonspecific effects of photodynamic treatment on the components of biological fluids. 

Sample preparation. All allantoic fluid of chicken embryos or calf serum used in experiments contained influenza virus (104—106 EID50/ml). The samples of biological fluids underwent photodynamic treatment as described above. One milliliter aliquots were taken before treatment and at 3 and 6 h after the start of experiment. To analyze the effect of photodynamic treatment on proteins we used alkaline denaturing electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and P-mercaptoethanol (P-ME). 

Fig. 5.5 Electrophoresis pattern of proteins in the allantoic fluid of chicken embryos. Lanes 1-3 intact fluid lanes 4-6 fluid after 6h of irradiation...

In the present study we have investigated the process of photodynamic inactivation of influenza vims in the allantoic fluid of chicken embryos. This inactivation has been realized by C60 water suspension used as a photosensitizer. Similar studies have been carried out previously by Kaserman and Kempf (1997, 1998). Unlike the latter studies, in which viruses were inactivated in salt solutions (buffer), our experiments were performed in a natural biological fluid that contains all typical components (proteins, lipids, salts, etc.). Comparing the viral inactivation over time in our experiments with previous results we conclude that the process described by Kaserman and Kempf (1997, 1998) was more time-consuming, a fact that may significantly restrict its practical use. 

Fertilized chicken eggs have been used for more than 50 years to produce vaccines. Flowever, this method is slow also, some virus may be deadly to the chicken embryos and hence kill off the production machine. Cell-based production is now used as it is more efficient and amenable to better control. 

Longmuir KJ, Haynes SM, Dickinson ME, et al. Optimization of a peptide/ non-cationic lipid gene delivery system for effective microinjection into chicken embryo in vivo. Mol Ther 2001 4 66-74. 

Thanou, M.M., Verhoef, J.C., Romeijn, S.G., Merkus, F.W.H.M., Nagelkerke, J.F., and Junginger, H.E., Effects of N-trimethylchitosan chloride, a novel absorption enhancer, on Caco-2 intestinal epithelia and the ciliary beat frequency of chicken embryo trachea, Int. J. Pharm., 185 73-82 (1999). 

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