Chicken growth inhibition

Metallic arsenic is a grey brittle metal, and it is known as one of the most deadly poisons, and it is one of the few compounds (besides vinyl chloride) that causes the rare liver cancer angiosarcoma, but it is still thought of as an essential (trace) element for some animals and for humans, with a necessary intake of 0.01 mg per day, most probably due to the special metabolism of certain amino acids (chickens and rats fed with an arsenic free diet are found to have their growth inhibited). It is claimed that arsenic in small doses stimulates the metabolism and boosts the formation of red blood cells. In fact, its derivatives can be used illegally as a dopant for racehorses and even to fatten poultry and pigs. 

Food which contains inhibitors might cause nutritional problems. For example, feeding rats and chickens with raw soymeal leads to reversible pancreatic blistering. A consequence of excessive secretion of pancreatic juice is increased secretion of nitrogen in the feces. Furthermore, growth inhibition occurs which can be eliminated by incorporating methionine, threonine and valine into the diet. 

Beside this dermatoxic activity pederin (147) has various biological activities (92). When administered in appropriate doses to partially hepatectomized rats, this compound stimulates development of hepatic tissues. The inhibitory effect at the cellular level has been found in chicken heart fibroblast cultures, and mice embryo, dog kidney, HeLa, and KB cell lines. In plants, root growth of Lupinus albus is inhibited and mitosis in Allium cepa blocked at the metaphasic stage. Also, pederin (147) inhibits protein synthesis and growth of yeast cells. In addition, the treatment of rat ascites sarcoma with purified extracts of P. fuscipes produces almost complete regression. 

Aspergillus niger, S. cerevisiae, Mycoderma sp., Lactobacillus acidophilus and B. cereus, as estimated by the paper disc agar diffusion method (Meena and Sethi, 1994). The oil also inhibits the growth of Fusarium verticilloides (Veluti et al., 2004). Clove oil (1% v/w) inhibits Listeria monocytogenes in chicken frankfurters (Mytle et al., 2006). It has excellent antimicrobial properties and is used in food preservation (Smith Palmer etal., 1998, 2001). 

Jin et al. (1996) demonstrated that a combination of Lactobacillus strains isolated from chicken intestine were able to inhibit growth of five strains of Salmonella, including S. enteritidis 94/448, S. typhimurium, S. pullorum, S. blockley, and S. enteritidis 935/79, and three serotypes of E. coli, viz. E. coli 01 K1, 02 K1, and 078 K88. 

The nutritional importance of the protease inhibitors in major foods is reasonably clear. It is known that raw soybean flour inhibits growth in rats, chickens and some other monogastric animals (118) and death can result (119). It is also known that the presence of soybean inhibitor in the small intestine increases the secretion of a hormonal pancreozymic-like substance that markedly stimulates external secretion by the pancreas (120). The presence of active proteolytic enzyme inhibitors in the small intestine increases the production and secretion of proteolytic enzymes by the pancreas, presumably to compensate for their loss by complexation (121-123). This results in hyperplasia of some of the pancreatic cells and enlargement of the pancreas. 

Campbell, R.M. Scanes, CG. (1987). Growth hormorre inhibition of glucagon- and cAMP-induced lipolysis by chicken adipose tissue in vitro. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol Med., 184, 456-60. 

Ducks (Anas spp.) had reduced survival when fed diets containing 2500.0-3000.0 mg Zn/kg ration or when force-fed zinc metal shot equivalent to 742.0 mg Zn/kg BW. Domestic chickens (Gallus sp.) were more resistant 8000.0 mg Zn/kg ration was fatal to chicks, although higher doses were routinely fed to laying hens to induce molting 2000.0-3000.0 mg Zn/kg ration inhibited chick growth 178.0 mg Zn/kg feed caused... 

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