Formula, infant

Products prepared from soy protein products and resembling chicken, ham, frankfurters, and bacon are available commercially. Soy protein isolates are used in place of milk proteins or sodium caseinate in products such as coffee creamers, whipped toppings, yogurt, and infant formulas (see Dairy substitutes). Soy protein products also are used in snacks and in baked foods. 

Used in baked goods (breads, cakes, cookies, snack items), pasta products, infant formulas, milk replacers, emulsified and coarsely ground meat items, meat analogues, dietary foods, and soup mixes and gravies. 

The primary uses of pyridoxine hydrochloride are in multivitamin supplement tablets and for fortification of human food and animal feed, especially for poultry and pigs. Most breakfast cereals and infant formulas in the United States are supplemented. Lesser amounts are used therapeutically to correct deficiencies or to treat specific disorders. Pyridoxine hydrochloride has been used experimentally to treat a variety of conditions with varying degrees of effectiveness (4,23). Pyridoxine hydrochloride is readily incorporated into premixes and foods. 

The world market for ch oline chloride used in animal feeds is estimated at 113,000 t on a 100% basis. The market for good grade ch oline chloride is a small market by comparison and is utilized mainly in the supplementation of infant formulas. Other ch oline salts are utilized solely in the human vitamin supplementation markets and are also small compared to animal feed usage. 

Formulas tend to contain isolates as the protein source to eliminate or reduce the presence of carbohydrates that ate the cause of flatulence and abnormal stools. Care is taken to provide adequate nutrition and to use proteins processed in such a way as to minimize or eliminate any antinutritional factors. The formulation of a typical soy-based infant formula is also given in Table 17. 

An extensive study was undertaken to determine if pesticide residues are present in any infant formula products (Gelardi and Mountford 1993). Milk- and soy-based formulas were analyzed, as was the water used to make the formula. No pesticide residues, including methyl parathion, were detected in any infant formula manufactured in the United States. Thus, it does not appear that infants will be exposed to... 

Gelardi RC, Mountford MK. 1993. Infant formulas Evidence of the absence of pesticide residues. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 17 181-192. 

Exposures of Children. Data need to be developed to properly assess the exposure of infants who eat processed baby foods containing residues of pesticides such as endosulfan. Several studies have estimated exposure based on endosulfan concentration found in foods typically eaten by infants however, no studies that directly studied infant exposure could be located. Attention should also be given to infant formulas and to the tap water used to prepare infant formulas from condensed or powdered forms. More data are also required to properly assess endosulfan exposure to children who live, play, or attend school near farmlands that are treated with endosulfan. Maps that catalog endosulfan use on crops and present average application rates would better allow an assessment of the potential for children in farming communities to be exposed. The possibility that farming parents work clothes and shoes may carry endosulfan residues into the home also should be studied. In addition, home use of endosulfan, which may result in exposure of children, needs to be investigated. 

Soy-based infant formula contains relatively high concentrations of phytoestrogens. As such, formula fed infants may be exposed to higher concentrations than the average consumer. Mean intakes of phytoestrogens in the UK have been estimated to be 4.5-5 mg/kg bw/day (MAFF, 1998), although other studies have indicated that consumption could potentially be... 

In addition, a recent primate study reported that dietary consumption of soy infant formula reduced the neonatal testosterone surge and increased Leydig cell numbers in the testes of male marmosets. However, the longterm effects on the fertility of the animals has not been determined, and the health implications of these findings for humans are unclear (Sharpe et al,... 

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE FISHERIES AND FOOD (1998) Plant oestrogeus iu soya-based infant formula. Food Surveillance Paper No. 167. London, UK, HMSO. 

MURPHY p A, SONG T, BUSEMAN G, BARUA K (1997) Isoflavones in soy-hased infant formulas. JAgric Food Chem. 45 4635-8. 

HUGGETT A c, PRIDMORE s, MALNOE A, HASCHKE F and OFFORD E A (1997) Phyto-oestrogens in soy based infant formula. Lancet. 350 (9080) 815-16. 

SETCHELL KDR, ZIMMER-NECHEMIAS L, CAI J and HEUBI J E (1997) Exposure of infants to phyto-oestrogens from soy-based infant formula. Lancet. 350 (9070) 27-21. 

KNUDSEN J c, ANTANUSE H s, RisBO j and SKIBSTED L H (2002) Induction time and kinetics of crystallization of amorphous lactose, infant formula and whole milk powder as studied by isothermal differential scanning calorimetry, Milchwissenschaft, 57, 543-546. 

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) released certified standard materials of a baby food composite (SRM 2383) and an infant formula (SRM 1846) containing carotenoids however, the relative uncertainties of certified values are considerably high, ranging Irom 20% for P-carotene (cis + trans) to 28% for lutein (including esters) and to a 47% for free lutein reference value in SRM 2383. ... 

Stoepplbr M and Zeisler R, eds. (1993) Biological environmental specimen banking. A collection of papers presented at the ist International Symposium on Biological Environmental Specimen Banking. Vienna, Austria, 22-25 September 1991. Sci Total Environ, Vols. 139 and 140. Tanner JT (1984) The FDA-IFC infant formula methods study and standards for organic nutrients. In Wolf WR, ed. Biological Reference Materials, pp 197-205. John Wiley Sons. 

Vitamins and Other Nutrients in Food Matrices see also Section 6.3. Food matrices are available with values assigned for vitamins, carotenoids, fatty acids, cholesterol, natural toxins, veterinary drugs, and hormone residues. The NIST food matrix SRMs for vitamins include coconut oil (SRM 1563), infant formula (SRM 1846), and baby food composite (SRM 2383) (particularly for carotenoids). Fatty acids and cholesterol are the primary analytes of interest in meat homogenate (SRM 1546) and diet... 

Alegria, A., Barbera, R., Farre, R., Ferreres, M., Lagarda, M. J., and Lopez, J. C., Isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of tryptophan in infant formulas, ]. Chromatogr. A, 721, 83, 1996. 

Gastroesophageal reflux occurs in approximately 18% of infants. As in adults, transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations appear to be the most common cause of GERD.26 This is due to developmental immaturity of the lower esophageal sphincter.27 Other causes include impaired luminal clearance of gastric acid, neurologic impairment, and type of infant formula. 

Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin cofactor for the activation of factors II, VII, IX, and X in the liver. Almost all neonates are vitamin K-deficient at as a result of (1) insignificant transplacental vitamin K crossover, (2) lack of colonization of the colon by vitamin K-producing bacteria, and (3) inadequate dietary vitamin K intake (especially in breast-fed infants because human milk contains less vitamin K than infant formula or cow s milk). Vitamin K-deficiency bleeding (VKDB) refers to bleeding attributable to vitamin K deficiency within first 6 months of life. It occurs in three general time frames early (0-24 hours), classic (1-7 days), and late (2-12 weeks). Early onset occurs rarely and usually is associated with maternal ingestion of anticonvulsants, rifampin, isoniazid, and warfarin. Classic vitamin K-dependent bleeding usually results from the lack of prophylactic vitamin K administration in... 

Patients should always start with the lowest recommended dose and increase slowly to avoid overdosing. Follow-up with the patient is necessary to evaluate whether the dietary supplement is safe and effective. Report any suspected adverse event to FDA s Medwatch, 1-800-FDA-1088. FDA has developed the Special Nutritionals Adverse Event Monitoring System (SN/AEMS), a database of adverse events associated with the use of special nutritional products dietary supplements, infant formulas, and medical foods. ... 

At a 1981 EPA conference called to discuss the issue, Patterson offered to train government scientists in his clean laboratory techniques. Soon afterward, a parade of key scientists visited Pasadena to study with Settle. Within six months, Patterson announced that the FDA had made considerable improvement both in its laboratory and in reducing lead levels in infant formula. 

Original strains provided by J.M. Farber, Health Canada isolated from dried infant formula by S.Edelson-Mammel, FDA Environmental samples obtained from M. Kotewicz, FDA Clinical isolate obtained from F. Khambaty, FDA... 

Simmons,B. P. Gelfand,M. S. Haas, M. Metts,L. Ferguson, J. Enterobacter sakazakii infections in neonates associated with intrinsic contamination of a powdered infant formula. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 1989,10, 398-401. 

Edelson-Mammel, S. G. Buchanan, R. L. Thermal inactivation of Enterobacter sakazakii in rehydrated infant formula. J. Food. Prot. 2004, 67, 60-63. 

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