Chicken muscle

Table 4.1 The amino acid residues of the eight parallel p strands in the barrel structure of the enzyme triosephosphate isomerase from chicken muscle...

Kennedy et developed an immunoassay for salinomycin and utilized the lA to check the depletion of salinomycin in chicken muscle and liver. The limit of quantitation was 0.31 pgkg for muscle and 0.29 pgkg for liver these levels were based on the assay response of negative samples -I- 6 SD. The antibody cross-reacted with narasin but did not recognize lasalocid, maduramicin, and monensin. 

Phosphate in combination with NaCl has a beneficial effect on the waterbinding capacity of processed meat products for a detailed description, see Schmidt.227 The effect of phosphates is suggested to be alterations in pH or ionic strength, sequestration of metal ions, dissociation of actomyosin and depolymerisation of myosin.103,104,228,229 However, before action, added phosphates must be hydrolysed by muscle phosphatases or non-enzymatically. Belton et al.230 studied the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate and tripolyphosphate in comminuted chicken meat using 31P NMR spectroscopy, and found that the rate of hydrolysis was dependent on the length of ageing period of the muscle as well as the presence of NaCl. Li et al.231 studied the hydrolysis of various types of phosphates in intact chicken muscle with a similar approach by 31P NMR spectroscopy and thereby demonstrated differences in rate of hydrolysis of various phosphates. The findings of these studies... 

Hexanone has been found as a natural substance in foods such as cheese, nectarines, nuts, bread, and chicken muscle. We do not know the levels of 2-hexanone in these foods. 2-Hexanone has been found in milk and cream at levels up to 0.018 ppm (0.018 parts of 2-hexanone in one... 

Hexanone has been identified among the natural volatile components of several foods including blue and Beaufort cheeses, nectarines, roasted filberts, and chicken muscle (Day and Anderson 1965 Dumont and Adda 1978 Grey and Shrimpton 1967 Kinlin et al. 1972 Takeoka et al. 1988) levels were not stated in these reports. It has also been detected in milk and cream at concentrations ranging from 0.007 to 0.018 ppm (7-18 ppb) and in bread (Lande et al. 1976). Because few quantitative data are available, it is not known if food is an important source of human exposure to 2-hexanone. 

Sheng, X. Pan, X. Wang, C. Zhang, Y. Jing, G. Conformational and functional significance of residue proline 17 in chicken muscle adenylate kinase. FEBS Lett., 508, 318-322 (2001)... 

In addition, a total of 146 sheep urine and 87 chicken muscle samples from birds sold in local markets and originating from Brazil, Denmark, France, and Turkey were tested for residues of diethylstilbestrol and ethinylestradiol (41). Although some of the samples were positive to both analytes by an immunochemical screening assay, confirmatory analysis by GC-mass spectroscopy (MS) showed that none of the samples contained residues of the examined steroids. 

In Poland, samples of muscle, kidneys, and liver from cattle, swine, horses, and poultry are taken four times per year by veterinary inspectors at slaughterhouses to be analyzed for drug residues. Between 1992 and 1996, 5733 samples of cattle, swine, horse, and chickens muscle were analyzed to determine residues of sulfonamides, nitrofurans, and nitroimidazoles 2613 samples of cattle and swine liver to determine -agonists and 1661 samples of cattle and swine kidney to determine violative levels of tranquilizers and -blockers. No residues of the mentioned groups of drugs above MRL were detected in the examined samples (42). However, nonviolative residues of sulfamethazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfathiazole, furazolidone, nitrofurazone, nitrofurantoin, metronidazole, dimetridazole, azaperone, chlorpromazine, propiopromazine, carazolol, clenbuterol, and salbutamol could be detected in the corresponding target samples. 

From January to June, 1985, a total of 1080 samples from fresh milk, swine liver and muscle, chicken liver and muscle, and hen eggs marketed at three cities located at the middle area of Taiwan were collected and analyzed for antibiotic residues (45). The positive rates found in the screen tests were 22.2% for milk, 21.1% for swine liver, 12.7% for swine muscle, 49.4% for chicken liver, 19.4% for chicken muscle, and 1.1% for hen eggs. 

Neomycin residues were also found to be quite stable in chicken muscle extracts heated at 100 C for 5 h (9, 10). Unlike chicken muscle extracts, milk favored the loss of the contained neomycin when heated under similar conditions no more than 0-25% of the original activity could be determined after heating at 100 C for 5 h (9, 10). 

Cooking procedures exert similar effects. Penicillin G was not consistently inactivated by 90 min heating at 100 C in water, milk, and beef extracts, except in extracts of chicken muscle, in which it was less stable (10). In another study, the microbiological activity of penicillin G in buffer and buffered meat homogenates at pH 5.0 and 7.0 was studied (31). Penicillin G was found less stable at pH 5.0 than at 7.0. It was not totally inactivated by 60 min at 100 C in any of the media, but it could be inactivated within 60 min at 117 C or 121 C. 

In incurred chicken muscle, lasalocid residues were found to be stable to cooking. Residues in raw tissue from the treated chickens were found to be evenly distributed in edible muscle. Chicken was cooked by microwaving, boiling, roasting, frying, and grilling. Less than 5% of the residue was found in juices that came out of the meat when it was cooked by microwave and roasting. 

These results are consistent with the mentioned pH-dependence of lasalocid stability chicken muscle is known to be at about pH 5.7, egg yolk at about pH 6.0-6.8, whereas egg white pH can be as high as 9.0-10.0. The loss of lasalocid in egg should therefore be due to the base-catalyzed hydrolysis of lasalocid. 

Animal tissues Animal tissues, eggs Chicken muscle Fish... 

Simeonidou et al. (238) reported an ion-pair liquid chromatographic method for the determination of sulfadiazine, sulfamethazine, sulfadimethoxine, and sulfaquinoxaline residues in chicken muscle. According to this method, a 3 g ground tissue sample is extracted with 30 ml chloroform. Following centrifugation the supernatant is filtered and a 10 ml aliquot is extracted with 1 ml 3N hydrochloric acid and submitted to precolumn derivatization with fluorescamine. Liquid chro-... 

D Han, KW McMillin, JS Godber. Hemoglobin, myoglobin, and total pigments in beef and chicken muscles chromatographic determination. J Food Sci 59 1279-1282, 1994. 

Residues of TCs were quantified via the MCAC-HPLC method (26) in pork and chicken muscle tissue that had been previously screened with both a microbiological inhibition test using B. subtilis and an ELISA method. The correlation between the mean area of the inhibition zones and the DXC levels found in 28 samples by HPLC was 0.82 the correlation between the ELISA results and the DXC levels in the same samples was 0.73. The results indicated that an inhibition test was well suited to screen the mentioned samples for TCs residues. The authors found the more expensive ELISA screening test unnecessary, because only a minority of analyzed samples did not contain TCs. Confirmation with HPLC method was necessary because of the presence of some false-positive results. Moreover, the positive results from LC-fluorescence assay were confirmed using LC-MS-MS assay with electrospray ionization working in positive-ion mode (31). 

Price, M., and Sanger, J. W. (1979). Intermediate filaments connect Z-discs in adult chicken muscle. / Exp. Zool. 208, 263-269. 

Figure 1A. Thin-layer chromatogram of human and chicken muscle ganglioside fractions eluted from DEAE-A 50 column...

Lane 1, standard gangliosides from human brain. Lanes 2 and 3, gangUosides eluted by 0.0/M, lanes 4 and 5 by 0.02M, and lanes 6 and 7 by 0.2M sodium acetate in methanol. Lanes 2, 4, and 6 from human muscle lanes 3, 5, and 7 from chicken muscle. Solvent system C M 0.25% CaCle (60 40 9)... 

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