Chicken development

I. (1995) Multiple roles for FGF-3 during cranial neural development in the chicken. Development 121 1399-1410. 

Lehner, CF., Stick, R, Eppenbeiger, H.M. Nigg, E.A. (1987). Differential expression of nuclear lamin proteins during chicken development. ]. Cell Biol, 105, 577-87. 

A few years ago, we performed an experiment in which featherless chicken mutants were put In various locations In and around a cotton field In which the neuropathic OF DEF was being sprayed (14). There was an excellent correlation between the amounts of DEF residues deposited near the chickens and levels of their blood cholinesterase (Figure 1). None became neuropathic In the acute test. Tests In the laboratory later showed that featherless chickens developed OFIDN at levels similar (but somewhat higher) than normal chickens. The Idea (using experimental animals as sentries In fields) may be one whose time has not yet come. Even so, work like this may point the way to a more sophisticated use of experimental animals In real-life situations. 

Li M, Chao L. Structural study of lipid liquid crystal droplets in chicken development. 

A particular mode of neurotoxicity was discovered for tricresyl phosphate that correlated with the presence of the o-cresyl isomer (or certain other specific aLkylphenyl isomers) in the triaryl phosphates. Many details of the chemistry and biochemistry of the toxic process have been elucidated (139,140,143—146). The use of low ortho-content cresols has become the accepted practice in industrial production of tricresyl phosphate. Standard in vivo tests, usually conducted with chickens sensitive to this mode of toxicity, have been developed for premarket testing of new or modified triaryl phosphates. As of 1992, the EPA called for extensive new toxicity and environmental data on this group of products (147). The Vederal e ster AoQ xm. ci. calling for this... 

Cryptosporidiosis, an intestinal infection caused by protozoa of C ptosporidium species is a taxonomicaHy related disease (12). The disease affects animals, such as calves, lambs, and chickens, and infects humans woddwide, especially infants and children in developing countries. Symptoms range from mild self-limiting diarrhea and abdominal pain to a potentially fatal extreme diarrhea that results in weight loss and poor nutritional absorption. 

In 1994, Nam and King (68) developed a SFE/SFC/GC instrumentation system for the quantitative analysis of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues in fatty food samples (chicken fat, ground beef and lard). In this way, SFC was used as an on-line clean-up step to remove extracted material. The fraction containing pesticide residues is then diverted and analysed by GC. 

The Minor Use and Minor Species (MUMS) amendments to the FD C Act (Sections 571, 572,573) were signed into US law in 2004. Their purpose is to make drugs legally available for use in minor species, or for the treatment of rare diseases in major species. Major animal species are defined as cattle, horses, swine, chickens, turkeys, dogs and cats. All other species are considered minor species. A drug developer can benefit from MUMS provisions in one of three ways. 

Vareltzis, K., Buck, E.M., and Labbe, R.G., Effectiveness of a betalains/potassium sorbate system versus sodium nitrite for color development and control of total aerobes, Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium sporogenes in chicken frankfurters, J. Food Protect., 47, 532, 1984. 

This method was applied to the determination of vitamin Bg concentration in chicken embryo livers ranging from 8 to 14 d of development [8]. 

The most common meats consumed by humans in developed countries are beef, pork, sheep, chicken, turkey, fish, and more rarely goats. Other minor-use species (and tissues, e.g., tripe) are commonly consumed by certain ethnic groups or infrequently... 

Kennedy et developed an immunoassay for salinomycin and utilized the lA to check the depletion of salinomycin in chicken muscle and liver. The limit of quantitation was 0.31 pgkg for muscle and 0.29 pgkg for liver these levels were based on the assay response of negative samples -I- 6 SD. The antibody cross-reacted with narasin but did not recognize lasalocid, maduramicin, and monensin. 

Kennedy et al. developed a lasalocid immunoassay for application to residues in chicken meat and liver samples. The antibody was specific and did not cross-react with salinomycin, maduramicin, or monensin. Sample preparation consisted of homogenization in aqueous acetonitrile, removal of fat from an aliquot of the aqueous acetonitrile by hexane extraction, and evaporation of acetonitrile. The sample was then reconstituted with assay buffer. Liver required an additional solid phase extraction step. The LOQ was 0.02 xgkg for muscle and 0.15 agkg for liver. These workers were able to use the system to determine the half-life of lasalocid in the tissues. 

Intermediate-duration oral exposure to Durad 110 produced deaths in chickens associated with the delayed development of neuropathy at dosage levels of 4,000 mg/kg/day in a 28-day study and 90 mg/kg/day in a 90-day study (FMC 1986). At 100 mg/kg/day over a 13-week period, 2 of 12 male and 1 of 12 female rats died with exposure to tri- -butyl phosphate (Healy et al. 1995). Dietary administration of Pydraul 90E for 90 days providing daily doses of 50 mg/kg/day produced no chemical-related deaths in rats (Monsanto 1979). An organophosphate ester hydraulic fluid designated MIL-H-83306 also caused death in 4 of 4 rats exposed by gavage to 1,000 mg/kg over a 26-day period (Mattie et al. 1993). 

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