Chick, chicken

Kiiken, n. (stop)cock plug or stopper (sometimes) stopcock chicken, chick. -Hahn, m. stopcock. 

A consistent pericardial edema in chickens gave rise to the term chick edema disease (chick edema factor) (I). Two known outbreaks of the disease in the broiler industry resulted in a great loss of chickens. A lipid residue from the manufacturing fatty acids, being used as a feed ingredient, was a principal source of the toxic substance. Contamination of the lipid component with polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins was attributed as the causal agent. 

Domestic chicken, Gallus sp. to prevent nickel deficiency in chicks Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos More than 50 pg/kg ration 8, 9, 10... 

Japanese quail fed diets containing 0,24,60 or 150 mg tri-n-butyltin oxide for 6 weeks. Eggs produced and chicks hatched were observed Domestic chicken... 

Acute toxicity of paraquat in the domestic chicken was highly responsive to nutritional selenium status and not to Vitamin E status. As little as 0.01 mg Se/kg ration protected 8-day-old chicks against acute paraquat poisoning (Combs and Peterson 1983). Paraquat administered to chickens by way of diet was less toxic than the same amount administered in drinking water (Fletcher 1967). 

Another approach that has been proposed under the category of inflammation assays [though it has been suggested (Lawrence, 1987) that the assay measures necrosis rather than the true inflammation] is the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) test and its modifications (Leighton et al., 1983 Leupke, 1985 Kong et al, 1987 Bagley et al., 1989). Basically the assay scores alterations (vascularity, necrosis, etc.) in the chorioallantoic membrane of chicken eggs upon exposure to... 

These three compounds exert many similar effects in nucleotide metabolism of chicks and rats [167]. They cause an increase of the liver RNA content and of the nucleotide content of the acid-soluble fraction in chicks [168], as well as an increase in rate of turnover of these polynucleotide structures [169,170]. Further experiments in chicks indicate that orotic acid, vitamin B12 and methionine exert a certain action on the activity of liver deoxyribonuclease, but have no effect on ribonuclease. Their effect is believed to be on the biosynthetic process rather than on catabolism [171]. Both orotic acid and vitamin Bu increase the levels of dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.4), formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase and serine hydroxymethyl transferase in the chicken liver when added in diet. It is believed that orotic acid may act directly on the enzymes involved in the synthesis and interconversion of one-carbon folic acid derivatives [172]. The protein incorporation of serine, but not of leucine or methionine, is increased in the presence of either orotic acid or vitamin B12 [173]. In addition, these two compounds also exert a similar effect on the increased formate incorporation into the RNA of liver cell fractions in chicks [174—176]. It is therefore postulated that there may be a common role of orotic acid and vitamin Bj2 at the level of the transcription process in m-RNA biosynthesis [174—176]. 

CCM is considered to ameliorate the interfering effect of phytates consumed by animals, and as a result enhance Ca absorption and bioavailability. A study in chicks by Lihono et ah (1997a) directly investigated this possibility in food derived from soy beans. The effects of microbially derived phytase enzyme treatments on the bioavailability of Ca from soy-based foods fed to young male broiler chickens were examined in two separate experiments. In experiment one, the effect of phytase was tested when day-old chicks were fed com/soybean-meal-based diets, with or without 0.12% added phytase, that also included Ca from CCM (at levels 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% to provide total Ca of 0.45%, 0.55%, 0.65%, and 0.75%, respectively) or Ca from CaCOs (at the 1% level, which... 

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