Rocket

In addition to incendiary bombs, grenades, and shells, the CWS worked with incendiary rockets. Rocket research, to determine if the munitions would be suitable for toxic fillings, was first undertaken for the service by the NDRC in 1941. Incendiary fillings became the subject of CWS experimentation two years later, with the Ordnance Department and Navy co-operating in the design of rocket bodies and mortars. 

In 1943 the CWS began to develop a 2.36-inch incendiary rocket for the bazooka. Chemists filled shells with various thermite and PT mixtures and tested them. The missiles were not stable ballistically, and the fuel would not always ignite upon impact. While these problems might eventually have been solved, there was another obstacle that proved insurmountable. The rocket cavity held so little filling that it was practically 

A much more suitable rocket, from the viewpoint of quantity of filling, was an 8-inch missile that the service devised by adding a rocket motor to the tail of the Ordnance AN-M30 30-pound bomb. Loaded with PT fuel, this rocket could range up to 600 yards. When it landed a burster igniter broke open the casing and scattered burning fuel over a radius of sixty yards. 

In similar fashion the CWS and Ordnance Department Rocket Research Division evolved an incendiary rocket from the AN-M57 250-pound general purpose bomb. With three rocket motors attached to the base, the bomb would fly almost half a mile. Containing eighty pounds of PT fuel, this was the largest experimental rocket worked on by the service. 

The development of incendiary rockets for the Army proceeded slowly until the autumn of 1944, because none of the theaters or branches of the armed services set up a military requirement for the munition. Then a joint Army-Navy testing and experimental board asked for one hundred 7.2-inch incendiary rockets for trial. This became a joint project of the Ordnance Department and CWS, with the latter filling the rocket with incendiary fuel and fitting it for bursting and ignition. The rocket head held about twenty pounds of PT fuel, a quantity shown by test to be adequate for starting fires. This rocket was never standardized, but the CWS would have considered it satisfactory for use as a standard munition if the need for such a rocket had arisen.  

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Dimeihylamine, C2H7N, (CH3)2NH. Colourless, inflammable liquid with an ammoniacal odour, mp -96" C, b.p. 7°C. Occurs naturally in herring brine. Prepared in the laboratory by treating nitrosodimetbyl-aniline with a hot solution of sodium hydroxide. Dimethylamine is largely used in the manufacture of other chemicals. These include the solvents dimethylacetamide and dimethyl-formamide, the rocket propellant unsym-metrical dimethylhydrazine, surface-active agents, herbicides, fungicides and rubber accelerators. 

Results of determining a density of a composite material nozzles of the rocket engine before and after impregnation by metal. 

The efforts of the experts from Pivdenny have made it possible for Ukraine to become firmly established in the first three of space powers (after USA and Russia). More than 400 earth satellites developed in Pivdenny have been in space In recent years experts have developed the unique camer-rockets Zenith and Cyclone, capable of taking 4 and 14 tons into orbit, respectively. No other carrier-rockets of this type exist anywhere in the world, so they were selected for the international project Sea Start and Globalstar The NDT experts from Pivdenny have made a great contribution to these development, as practically all the parts and components of the carrier-rockets are subjected to thorough control. 

Another application of laser-based profilometry is the inspection of rocket and missile components. The U.S. Air Force has funded work to develop a non-contact laser-based profilometer for the inside surface of solid rocket motors. Over time, these devices are subject to slumping and cracking, which could potentially render the rocket motor ineffective and hazardous. When fully implemented, this system will provide a meaningful screening method for evaluating the condition of aging rocket motors. 

Other examples of government and military applications of laser-based profilometry include the evaluation of rocket thruster nozzles to locate and measure flame erosion remote inspection of hypervelocity test track and the measurement of sludge deposits on tube internal surfaces. 

Arnold F and Viggiano A A 1986 Review of rocket-borne ion mass spectrometry in the middle atmosphere Middie Atmosphere Program Handbook, Voi. 19 ed R A Goldberg (Urbana, IL SCOSTEP)... 

Arnold F 1980 The middle atmosphere ionized component Vth ESA-PAG Symposium on European Rocket and Baiioon Programmes and Reiated Research (Bournemouth, UK ESA) pp 479-95... 

Other boron hydrides are known, most of them having the general formula B H + 4- for example pentaborane, B5H9, decaborane, BjqHi4. Each can be made by heating diborane in suitable conditions for example at 420 K, decaborane is obtained. Boron hydrides have been tried as rocket fuels. 

Hydrazine and its alkylated derivatives are used as rocket fuels in organic chemistry, substituted phenylhydrazines are important in the characterisation of sugars and other compounds, for example aldehydes and ketones containing the carbonyl group C=0. 

Helium is extensively used for filling balloons as it is a much safer gas than hydrogen. One of the recent largest uses for helium has been for pressuring liquid fuel rockets. A Saturn booster, like the type used on the Apollo lunar missions, required about 13 million fts of helium for a firing, plus more for checkouts. 

Amorphous boron is used in pyrotechnic flares to provide a distinctive green color, and in rockets as an igniter. 

It also has lubricating properties similar to graphite. The hydrides are easily oxidized with considerable energy liberation, and have been studied for use as rocket fuels. Demand is increasing for boron filaments, a high-strength, lightweight material chiefly employed for advanced aerospace structures. 

Elemental fluorine has been studied as a rocket propellant as it has an exceptionally high specific impulse value. 

These alloys are of vital importance in the construction of modern aircraft and rockets. Aluminum, evaporated in a vacuum, forms a highly reflective coating for both visible light and radiant heat. These coatings soon form a thin layer of the protective oxide and do not deteriorate as do silver coatings. They are used to coat telescope mirrors and to make decorative paper, packages, toys. 

In principle, emission spectroscopy can be applied to both atoms and molecules. Molecular infrared emission, or blackbody radiation played an important role in the early development of quantum mechanics and has been used for the analysis of hot gases generated by flames and rocket exhausts. Although the availability of FT-IR instrumentation extended the application of IR emission spectroscopy to a wider array of samples, its applications remain limited. For this reason IR emission is not considered further in this text. Molecular UV/Vis emission spectroscopy is of little importance since the thermal energies needed for excitation generally result in the sample s decomposition. 

Modacrylic Modacrylic fibers Modacrylics Modane Modeling Modeling systems Mode-locked lasers Model rocket engines Models... 

Carbon—carbon composites for rocket nozzles or exit cones are usually made by weaving a 3D preform composed of radial, axial, and circumferential carbon or graphite fibers to near net shape, followed by densification to high densities. Because of the high relative volume cost of the process, looms have been designed for semiautomatic fabrication of parts, taking advantage of selective reinforcement placement for optimum thermal performance. 

J. G. Baet2, Characterisation of Advanced Solid Pocket No ffe Materials (SAMSO-TR-75-301), Air Eorce Rocket Propulsion Laboratories, Edwards AEB, Calif., Dec. 1975. 

Many compounds explode when triggered by a suitable stimulus however, most are either too sensitive or fail to meet cost and production-scale standards, requirements for safety in transportation, and storage stability. Propellants and explosives in large-scale use are based mosdy on a relatively small number of well-proven iagredients. Propellants and explosives for military systems are manufactured ia the United States primarily ia government owned plants where they are also loaded iato munitions. Composite propellants for large rockets are produced mainly by private iadustry, as are small arms propellants for sporting weapons. 

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