Stabilizers solid rocket propellants

A Small but important daSS of fOi mUlatiOnS comprises the Composite Solid Rocket Propellants. Composites typically contain a major amount of an oxidizer such as AP or HMX, a metal powder such as Al, a binder which is one or another type of rubber (or double-base), and up to a dozen trace ingredients such as catalysts, stabilizers, etc. There are literally hundreds of formulations, all to a degree similar and the choice comes down to specific missions, economics, and special requirements Loading of End Items. The blends and formulations described above may be loaded into their hardware in the plant where they are made, or they may be shipped to another plant for Load/... 

Nitroglycerine is a very powerful secondary explosive with a high brisance, i.e. shattering effect, and it is one of the most important and frequently-used components for gelatinous commercial explosives. Nitroglycerine also provides a source of high energy in propellant compositions, and in combination with nitrocellulose and stabilizers it is the principal component of explosive powders and solid rocket propellants. 

The objectives of the ongoing work is to explore the chemical synthesis of possible replacements for AP as an oxidizer in tactical missile rocket motors. The synthesis, sensitivities, thermal stability, binder compatibility and decomposition pathways of these new high-oxygen materials are currently being researched. In the following example, we theoretically want to evaluate, the suitability of nitrosyl (N0+) and nitronium (NCB,) oxalate as a potential ingredient for solid rocket propellants. 

BDPF is a colorless or slightly yellow, oily liquid with a freezing point of -22 Celsius. It is an excellent plasticizer for solid rocket propellants, high performance gun propellants, and explosive formulations. BDPF may be used in the preparation of flexible sheet explosives, plastic explosives, and other moldable or flexible formulations. BDPF has excellent properties and stability, but can detonate on shock or percussion. ... 

Nitration of p-nitroaniline (15b), or reacting picric acid with phosphorus pentachloride, yields trinitrochlorobenzene, which on amination affords 2,4,6-trinitroaniline, the explosive picramide. Phosgenation of /V-ethylaniline (26) gives a substituted urea used as a stabilizer for explosives. Diphenylamine (8) is used as a stabilizer, for nitrocellulose explosives as well as for celluloid, and also as a solid rocket propellant. Ethylaniline 26 is employed in the manufacture of centralite, a stabilizer in smokeless powder. Other uses for 15b, the largest volume nitroaniline, include in the production of dyes, antioxidants and pharmaceuticals. 

Nitroglycerine is one of the most important and most frequently used components of explosive materials together with nitroglycol, it is the major component of gelatinous industrial explosives. In combination with nitrocellulose and stabilizers, it is the principal component of powders, gun propellants and smokeless solid rocket propellants (- double base propellants). 

Use Stabilizer for nitrocellulose-based smokeless powder and in solid rocket propellants. 

Use Rubber antioxidants and accelerators, solid rocket propellants, pesticides, dyes, pharmaceuticals, veterinary medicine, storage preservation of apples, stabilizer for nitrocellulose, analytical chemistry. 

Probably the most important characteristic of military and commercial explosives and solid rocket propellants is performance as related to end use and safety. Performance can be described by a variety of conventional properties such as thermal stability, shock sensitivity, friction sensitivity, explosive power, burning, or detonation rate, and so on. Thermal analysis methods, according to Maycock (51), show great promise for providing information on both these conventional properties and other parameters of explosive and propellant systems. The thermal properties have been determined mainly by TG and DTA techniques and isothermal or adiabatic constant-volume decomposition. Physical processes in pseudostable ma-... 

Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., burns and emits very toxic fumes of NOx NFPA Health 1, Flammability 1, Reactivity 0 Uses Stabilizer for nitrocellulose-based smokeless powd., in solid rocket propellants plasticizer... 

Uses Insecticide antioxidant, stabilizer for plastics and solid rocket propellants antioxidant for lubricants rubber antioxidant and accelerator mfg. of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, explosives, and dyes veterinary medicine storage preservation of apples stabilizer for nitrocellulose analytical chemistry antioxidant for fatty-based coating adjuvants in paper/paperboard in contact with aq./fatty/dry foods... 

The procedures used for estimating the service life of solid rocket and gun propulsion systems include physical and chemical tests after storage at elevated temperatures under simulated field conditions, modeling and simulation of propellant strains and bond tine characteristics, measurements of stabilizer content, periodic surveillance tests of systems received after storage in the field, and extrapolation of the service life from the detailed data obtained (21—33). 

Since the development of this terpolymer in 1957, more solid composite rocket propellant has been produced from PBAN than from any other single prepolymer. Propellants based on this material have been used successfully in applications ranging from small tactical motors to the 260-in. diameter motor containing greater than 2,000,000 lb. of propellant. PBAN propellants, therefore, have been and are expected to be a major factor in making solid rocket motors during the next several years. The thermal stability which has been achieved, low temperature cycling characteristics, and low cost of propellants based on this prepolymer make this system attractive. 

A thermal rocket of recent development which produces low thrust and specific impulse for satellite control purposes is the subliming propellant rocket. In this rocket the propellant is ordinarily a high vapor pressure solid. Propellant flow rate is controlled by the addition of heat to the subliming propellant. Desirable properties of propellants for such rockets is stability in the solid phase, high vapor pressure, and, as for all thermal rocket propellants, low molecular weight of the vapor produced. 

The experimental discovery of Ns" salt stimulated a number of theoretical studies. Bartlett and colleagues [136] studied the stability of salt. It represents a potential solid nitrogen rocket fuel that would be much more efficient than currently rocket propellant. Unfortunately, due to the unavailability of Ns", a direct experimental test of this ion pair is not feasible. The stability of another ion pair, Ns s", has been investigated by Kortus et al. [137]. Unlike Ns s" for which a stability minimum was predicted as two-ion-pair clusters, the Ns" N3" ion pair can spontaneous isomerize to azidopentazole with lower energy and the latter will decay to molecular N2 spontaneously [137]. More recently, using ab initio molecular orbital theory, Dixon et al. [138] predicted that neither the Ns s" nor the N5" 3" ion pair are stable both should decompose spontaneously into N3 radicals and N2. 

Ammonium perchlorate (AP) has apphcations in munitions, primarily as an oxidizer for solid rocket and missile propellants. It is also used as an air-bag inflator in the automotive industry, in fireworks, and is a contaminant in agricultural fertilizers. Because of these uses and ammonium perchlorate s high solubility, chemical stability, and persistence, it has become distributed widely in surface and ground water systems. There is little information about the effects of perchlorate in these systems or on the aquatic life that inhabits them. However, it is known that perchlorate is an endocrine disrupting chemical that interferes with normal thyroid function and that thyroid dysfunction impacts both growth and development in vertebrates. Because perchlorate competes for iodine binding sites in the thyroid, the addition of iodine to culture water has been examined in order to determine if... 

Table 10.7 shows the physicochemical properties of the crystalHne materials used as oxidizers. Potassium and sodium are combined with nitrate or perchlorate to form stabilized crystalline oxidizers. Metal oxides are formed as their combustion products. On the other hand, ammonium ions are combined with nitrate or perchlorate to form stabilized crystalline oxidizers such as NH4NO3 and NH4CIO4 without metal atoms. When these oxidizers are decomposed, no solid products are formed. As discussed in Section 10.1.1, for the oxidizers used for propulsion, such as in propellants for rockets and guns, the molecular mass of the combustion products needs to be as low as possible. 

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