Applications military

Military electronics maybe ground-based or airborne but, in either case, must be capable of withstanding the harsh extremes of terrestrial environments. Ground-based electronics must also be resistant to fungus and other microorganisms, salt spray (if close to an ocean), and high humidity. Moisture remains one of the major causes of electronic failures. 

components that are surface mounted with adhesives must maintain their strength and electrical properties during and after these combined environments and after repeated stresses. To assure reliability, numerous accelerated tests have been developed and incorporated in military and industry specifications. Among specifications governing the mechanical, electrical, and qualification requirements for electronic components, modules, subsystems, and systems, most of which could not be met without using qualified and reliable adhesives, are MIL-STD-8 83 IMIL- 

Packaging Technology Typical Adhesive Requirements Examples of Adhesives 

Hermetic CERDIP, CBGA, CSP High-adhesion strength, low-moisture absorption, stability of packages to processing temp. 350°C (if silver-glass adhesives are used) Silver-glass die attach, silver-filled cyanate ester, polyimide 

Molded plastic, smaller die sizes (PDIP, QFP) High strength, low-temperature processing ( 250°C), moisture resistance Silver-filled epoxy, modified cyanate-ester and thermoplastic/ thermoset blends 

Fuel cells have attracted the attention of military organisations around the world by providing an effective alternative which reduces the weight carried by soldiers in 

From the very beginning of modem fuel cell development, potential applications for military purposes were an important driving force and source of financing of this R D work. In the early 1960s, for example, the work of General Electric on membrane-type fuel cells that led to the power plants for Gemini spacecraft was financed, in part, by the US Navy s Bureau of Ships (Electronic Division) and by the US Army Signal Corps. 

Speaking of military fuel cell applications, we must first point out the following. Most versions of fuel cell-based power plants are of ambivalent utility they are just as good for civil as for military purposes. Thus, the stationary power plants of different sizes used for unintermptible emergency power supplies for military objects such as forts, command centers, radar stations, and the like do not differ in any way from similar power plants for civil use in hospitals, telecommunications installations, computer centers of banks, and so on. Power plants for automotive land and water-bound means of transport are equally good for civil and for military vehicles. This is true, even more directly, for power sources intended to supply portable equipment. A lower volume and weight of all equipment carried by soldiers in combat (e.g., as a means of communication, as a means of orientation, as night-vision devices) is a very important point for land forces. 

Fuel cell power plants for military applications differ from their civil analogs, primarily, in higher demands on reliability and trouble-free operation. They should keep working under real conditions of military action, day and night, at any time of the year, and whatever the weather. They should be simple to attend to, and as insensitive as possible to faulty manipulations. They should admit all types of transport and shipping, including parachute dropping to destinations. 

Ahluwalia R, Wang X. J Power Sources 2008 177 167. von Helmont R, Eberle U. J Power Sources 2007 165 833. 

One of the few examples of fuel cell use exclusively for military purposes which (so far) is without its civil analog is that for submarine propulsion described in Section 19.3. 

It is ont of considerations such as those recorded above that when speaking abont work on fnel cells for military goals, we actually think of work financed by various military agencies. 

In the Crawley review of 2007 mentioned earlier, data are given from which one can see the distribution of military support for the development, improvement, and production of fuel cells for various military uses 45% for portable equipment, 22% for all kinds of ships, 11% for land vehicles, 10% for flying vehicles (unmanned aerial vehicles), traffic controllers, etc.), 6% for various weapons, and about 5% for stationary installations. 

Fuel cells could provide power for most types of military equipment from land and sea transportation to portable handheld devices used in the field hence, military applications are expected to become a significant market for fuel cell 

the variety and number of explosives for various applications have become innumerable and this section describes the overwhelming role played by explosives in the progress and prosperity of humanity. A critical assessment of this comprehensive coverage of applications of explosives indicates that the benefits which accrue on account of the use of explosives outweigh their misuse in military pursuits. Two very important quotations regarding the use of explosives are relevant in this context. 

The explosives technologist, who has usually seen and perhaps even experienced the effects of explosives, is the last to want war or to want his 

Fordham, High Explosives and Propellants, Pergamon Press, 1966. 

More explosives have been used in peace than in war. Modern civilization and modem progress would be impossible without explosives. 

Urbanski, Chemistry and Technology of Explosives, Vol. 1 Pergamon Press, 1964. 

Diatomaceous earth filtration is a well-established water treatment process. It performs well on groundwater with high concentration of iron and manganese, or on surface waters with low influent turbidity, acceptable color, and bacteria levels. Effective removals of viruses and Giardia range up to 99.95% and from 99% to 99.99%, respectively. 

Costs for diatomaceous earth filters are provided in Table 4. Costs vary depending on plant size. 

Some researchers have found that diatomaceous earth filters, with added operational steps, are effective in removing polioviruses. The additional steps include coating the filter surface with filter aid or mixing the filter influent with a cationic polymer. The limited research found 

Comparison of Diatomaceous Earth Filtration with Other Filtration Processes 

Technological options to meet regulatory requirements Stage of acceptabihty Size suitability Comments 

FIGURE 7.24. Schematic drawing of a heavy metal tank ammunition cartridge (1) windshield, (2) tungsten heavy-metal penetrator (subprojectile), (3) three-section sabot, (4) stabilizing fin, (5) propellant. By courtesy of TAAS— Israel Industries Ltd., Israel. 

FIGURE 7.25. Selection of large-caliber kinetic energy penetrators medium-caliber kinetic energy penetrators and ammunition, as well as tungsten alloy cones for shaped charges. By courtesy of Royal Ordnance Speciality Metals, England. 

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There are several types of jet fuels according to their civilian or military application, their names can vary from one country to another. 

Other examples of government and military applications of laser-based profilometry include the evaluation of rocket thruster nozzles to locate and measure flame erosion remote inspection of hypervelocity test track and the measurement of sludge deposits on tube internal surfaces. 

Many challenging industrial and military applications utilize polychlorotriduoroethylene [9002-83-9] (PCTFE) where, ia addition to thermal and chemical resistance, other unique properties are requited ia a thermoplastic polymer. Such has been the destiny of the polymer siace PCTFE was initially synthesized and disclosed ia 1937 (1). The synthesis and characterization of this high molecular weight thermoplastic were researched and utilized duting the Manhattan Project (2). The unique comhination of chemical iaertness, radiation resistance, low vapor permeabiUty, electrical iasulation properties, and thermal stabiUty of this polymer filled an urgent need for a thermoplastic material for use ia the gaseous UF diffusion process for the separation of uranium isotopes (see Diffusion separation methods). 

Military Application and Aerospace Wires. Depending on the specific appHcation, a variety of polymers can be considered PVC, polyamides, PTEE, etc (Eig. 3). Navy shipboard specifications require cables with dame retardancy, low smoke emission during fire, and containing no halogen. 

Wodd War II supported the growth of asbestos fiber production for military applications, typically in thermal insulation and fire protection. Such applications were later extended into residential or industrial constmctions for several decades foUowing the war. 

Fluorine-containing rubbers were originally developed during the search for fluid-resisting elastomers which could be used over a wide temperature range. Much of the initial developmental work was a result of contracts placed by the US Army and Air Force. Whilst the eurrent commercial materials are very expensive compared with general purpose rubbers they find a number of both military and non-military applications, particularly in the area of seals and 0-rings. 

Military applications, referigerator components, tool handles... 

Prior to the publication of ISO 9000, several nations had developed national quality system standards, with many used only in the procurement of military equipment. With the emergence of the NATO Quality Control System standards in 1973, the Quality Panel of the UK Society of Motor Manufacturers set out to develop an equivalent standard for non-military applications. The result was BS 4891, which was published in 1972. In 1974 this was followed by BS 5179 with the title Operation and Evaluation of Quality Assurance Systems. However, BS 5179 was intended only as a guide and it was not until 1979, with the publication of BS 5750, that major purchasers in the UK had a standard that could be invoked in contracts. A certification scheme was eventually established in 1983, following the UK government s white paper on competitiveness ... 

This technique is the longest established of all the human reliability quantification methods. It was developed by Dr. A. D. Swain in the late 1960s, originally in the context of military applications. It was subsequently developed further in the nuclear power industry. A comprehensive description of the method and the database used in its application, is contained in Swain and Guttmann (1983). Further developments are described in Swain (1987). The THERP approach is probably the most widely applied quantification technique. This is due to the fact that it provides its own database and uses methods such as event trees which are readily familiar to the engineering risk analyst. The most extensive application of THERP has been in nuclear power, but it has also been used in the military, chemical processing, transport, and other industries. 

Zinc-silver oxide batteries as primary cells are known both as button cells, e.g., for hearing aids, watches, or cameras, and for military applications, usually as reserve batteries. Since the latter after activation have only a very short life (a few seconds to some minutes), a separation by cellulo-sic paper is generally sufficient. 

Toxicity. Comparable to NG Uses. No military applications reported Refs 1) Beil 1,378 2) L. Henry, Bull-... 

J.A. Herickes J. Ribovich, Study of Military Applications of Nitrogen Tetroxide Explosives , Summary Report No 3746, Bur-Mines, NSDl (1956) 15) P. Gray, The... 

A.H. Landrock, Fluidized-Bed Coating with Plastics Technology and Potential for Military Applications , PLASTEC Rept 13 (1964)... 

Landrock N-T. Baldanza, Military Applications of Plastics and Related Materials , PLASTEC Note 16 (1967) 20) A.H. Landrock,... 

Depleted Uranium. In the natural state U is a mixt of isotopes from which two, U23s and U238> are extracted for use in nuclear reactors and weapons. What remains after the extraction is known as depleted uranium which now exists in large quantities and for which few uses have so far been found. One property of U is its high d -it is heavier than Pb — and this has led to the investigation of its military applications... 

One member of this class of compds, known to be used as an incendiary agent, is trie thy b aluminum [A1(C2H5)3]. Similar agents, such as trimethylaluminum or trimethylmagnesium, might also have possible military applications as incendiaries. Diethyl zinc has been employed as an igniter (Ref 3)... 

Cleaning SCF s such as CO2 can be used to clean and degrease quartz rods utihzed to produce optical fibers, products employed in the fabrication of printed-circuit boards, oily chips from machining operations, precision bearings in military applications, and so on. Research is in progress for removing residues in etch/ash processes in m icroelectronics. 

Polyalphaolefin Hydraulic Fluids. Polyalphaolefm hydraulic fluids have properties comparable to the most effective components in mineral oil and are used in applications identical to mineral oil hydraulic fluids (Chrisope and Landry 1993 Papay 1993 Shubkin 1993 Wills 1980). Polyalphaolefins are more expensive than mineral oil, and this may limit their use in industry. In addition, polyalphaolefin hydraulic fluids are used in military applications such as aircraft and missile hydraulic systems, tank recoil and hydraulic systems, and aerospace test stands (Shubkin 1993). 

Department of Defense. 1993. Military handbook Design guide for military applications of hydraulic fluids. Department of Defense. MIL-HKBK-118. 

A major contribution from chemistry and chemical engineering has been the development of materials with important military applications. Chemists and chemical engineers, working with experts from areas such as electronics, materials science, and physics, have contributed to such developments as new explosives and propellants, reactive armor (a complex material with an explosive layer that can reduce the penetration of an incoming projectile), and stealth materials that reduce the detectability of aircraft by radar. 

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