Rocket propellants bipropellants fuels

In addition to solid rocket propellants, a wide class of liquid rocket fuel is also available. Liquid propellants exist as monopropellants and bipropellants. Monopropellants are liquids that burn in the absence of external oxygen. They have low energy and a specific impulse and are used in small missiles that require low thrust. Hydrazine, NH2-NH2, is the most widely used monopropellant. However, other monopropellants such as hydrogen peroxide, ethylene oxide (C2H4O), and nitromethane (CH3NO2), are also used [4]. 

Traditionally the liquid systems are considered to be either bipropellants or mono-propellants although as discussed in later sections multicomponent systems are feasible. The most common liquid systems are the bipropellant ones in which the fuel and oxidizer are introduced separately into the rocket combustion chamber. 

In the field of propellants and explosives, studies have been made of the detonation properties of potassium dinitrobenzofuroxan 493,535 and the corresponding barium salt,492 of 3-methyl-4-nitrofuroxan,127 of benzo-trifuroxan,129,130 and of dicyanofuroxan.128,134 This last compound is used in preparing a hypergolic bipropellant system,536 and as a constituent, with tetrazole polymers, of solid fuels for rocket propulsion.537... 

Moreover, there is a current need of miniaturized propulsion system for widening the capabilities of low cost micro-satellites. Recently, the development of a turbo-pump fed miniature rocket engine has been proposed as a new propulsion system for micro-satellites (10 to 100 kg) [6] the bipropellant tlmister uses 70 wt.-% H2O2 as oxidizer and ethanol as fuel. The engine displays four sub-components (i) two propellant micro-pumps, (ii) a HP decomposition chamber, (iii) a turbine coupled to an electric power generator and driven by the hot gas released from HP decomposition, and (iv) a thruster for the combustion reaction. 

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