Rockets construction

In organizing the symposium, we made the usual division into solid and liquid rocket propellants. Most readers no doubt already know the relative merits of solid vs. liquid systems—viz., the instant readiness of solids (compared with cryogenic liquids), their higher density (important in volume-limited systems), and the relative simplicity of rocket construction liquids offer easy variation in thrust level and the attainment of higher specific impulses, the latter because physical separation permits the use of fuels and oxidizers that would be incompatible if premixed. 

In conelusioD, and to forestall poaslble questions, there are two techniques in rocket construction which hsve not been mentioned here ... 

I enjoyed the article on rocket construction, but I ve found Is actual practice that a choke snaller is i" was too small and blew out quite a bit of clay. Despite what Velngart and Lancaster say, actual measurement of presexrt-day oomaereial American rockets shows choke diameters of approximately I.D. Of course, every pyrotechnist has his own methods and materials and, as you say, the measurements are approx-... 

The thermal stability of high-temperature plastics can be further enhanced by reinforcing additives. Such reinforced high-temperature plastics are used in rocket construction techniques where short-term heavy thermal attack needs to be resisted (the nose of a rocket, liner of the nozzle, etc.). Undergoing this load, a part of the polymer is consumed either by volatilization or by carbonization, resulting in a protection of the subjacent layers from thermal effects. This consumption of the polymer by virtue of a short-term exposure to a very high temperature is called ablation. 

In rocket construction, for the production of metal-melting crucibles, ceramics, as semiconductor... 

Adhesive bonding has now become a routine joining method in a host of various industries - including automobile, furniture, shoe, construction and packaging. A particularly impressive example of new adhesive technology is in aircraft and rocket construction, where supporting structures are adhesively bonded on assembly lines [1-9],... 

These alloys are of vital importance in the construction of modern aircraft and rockets. Aluminum, evaporated in a vacuum, forms a highly reflective coating for both visible light and radiant heat. These coatings soon form a thin layer of the protective oxide and do not deteriorate as do silver coatings. They are used to coat telescope mirrors and to make decorative paper, packages, toys. 

Carbon is a relatively inert element chemically and is used in its graphitic and pre-graphitic forms as a construction material under a variety of corrosive conditions. Modern uses include heat exchangers in chemical plants, consumable electrodes in a variety of metallurgical processes and the components of rocket motors and the moderators of gas- and litiuid-cooled nuclear reactors. The demand for carbon products at the present time is I0 t/year. 

Dynamic differential thermal analysis is used to measure the phase transitions of the polymer. IR is used to determine the degree of unsaturation in the polymer. Monitoring of the purity and raw is done commercially using gas phase chromatography for fractionization and R1 with UV absorption at 260 nanometers for polystyrene identification and measurement Polystyrene is one of the most widely used plastics because of fabrication ease and the wide spectrum of properties possible. Industries using styrene-based plastics are packaging, appliance, construction, automotive, radio and television, furniture, toy, houseware and baggage. Styrene is also used by the military as a binder in expls and rocket propints... 

For some purposes, it is indeed desirable that the rate of burning should increase during the process rather than remain constant. This is true in certain guns. For such purposes grains can be produced perforated by a number of holes so that the burning surface increases as combustion proceeds. For rockets special constructions are used which are discussed in Chapter 19. 

As adhesives they are very widely used both as cold setting and thermo curing. They can bond together a large variety of surfaces including metals. Araldite resins of this type are used widely in aircraft construction. They are also used for bonding concrete in dams and joining teflon film to stainless steel. They are used to encapsulate delineate electrical parts to protect them from shock and moisture. Such parts are used in components of rockets and satellites. 

Refined niobium metal is most useful as an alloy with other metals. It is used to produce special stainless steel alloys, to make high-temperature magnets, as special metals for rockets and missiles, and for high- and low-temperature-resistant ceramics. Stainless steel that has been combined with niobium is less hkely to break down under very high temperatures. This physical attribute is ideal for construction of both land- and sea-based nuclear reactors. 

Titanium (Ti) is used as a major component of Ti alloys, which are used as heat-resistant Ught metals for the construction of aircraft and rockets. Though Ti is also used as an anti-acid metal, it bums in air when heated above 1500 K. TiCl4 is a Uquid used to form colored smoke in air. 

The Japanese RYUSEI rockets represent a cultural tradition. However, the technology involved in achieving the timing of the effects is said to remain the secret of each RYUSEI group, as is much of the construction. 

Always a popular firework, Catherine wheels with diameters of up to 50 cm are readily available. Other wheels are more complicated in construction and combine the effects of gerbs, saxons, fountains, lances and rockets in ways that are always attractive to the eye, as well as being dramatic (Figure 9.2). 

Part 2 of the British Standard lists all of the main types of firework within Category 1, Category 2 and Category 3, and provides specification requirements by which the construction and performance of these fireworks can be controlled. Aspects that are addressed include means of ignition, projection of burning matter, projection of debris, principal pyrotechnic effects and the angle of flight of rockets. 

Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the crust of the earth, accounting for 8.13% by weight. It does not occur in free elemental form in nature, but is found in combined forms such as oxides or silicates. It occurs in many minerals including bauxite, cryolite, feldspar and granite. Aluminum alloys have innumerable application used extensively in electrical transmission lines, coated mirrors, utensils, packages, toys and in construction of aircraft and rockets. 

The Chemical Propulsion Division of Hercules was formed in 1958, and began construction of a major facility for design development and manufacture of large rockets and propellants at the Bacchus, Utah plant. In 1958 Hercules acquired the design, development, and production facilities of Young Development Laboratories of Rocky Hill, N J. The filament-wound, glass fiber-reinforced plastic Spiralloy structures... 

During Crimean War, K.I. Konstantinov constructed in Russia several pyrotechnic rockets (Ref 71, p 16)... 

Rocket Launcher and Rocket Motor Model 10 (p 172) was designed to propel the 60-kg aircraft bomb out of an inclined trough. The launcher was constructed of wood and metal with legs made of iron pikes. The launcher channel was a right angle wooden trough, ca 20 ft long with a motor and bomb positioner... 

The temperature and composition of propellant combustion products are of interest to those concerned with materials of construction and insulation for the combustion chamber and nozzle of the rocket motor. These values are readily computed from basic thermodynamic data for the specific propellant composition and operating pressure of interest with the aid of today s large-scale digital computers. By way of illustration, however, the products of combustion computed this way for the three typical plastisol propellants given in Table I are shown in Table III for a combustion pressure of 1000 p.s.i.a. Approximate propellant composition is also shown for convenient reference. 

Display Rocket. It is a rocket used for pyrotechnic display. It may be constructed using a cardboard case with a chamber in the forward end separated by a plug of clay or other material thru which a piece of quick match passes. The chamber is filled with black powder, and colored light compositions shaped in the form of stars, primed with mealed powder. The tail end of the rocket contains a propellant and a guiding stick. When the rocket is shot into the air. and teaches its maximum height, flame from the propellant is conveyed by quick match to the forward section, igniting... 

Epoxies show superior adhesion to metals and glass, and have limited shrinkage during cure. They are used for surface coatings, as adhesives and rc>r laminating to produce plastic tanks, pipe, and aircraft parts, etc (Ref 3, p 445-R). They also have been used in manuf of plastics (Ref 1), construction of rockets St missiles (Ref 2) and in manuf of explosive compositions of improved mechanical and thermal stability (Ref 4)... 

Effects Produced upon Explosives by Contact with Plastics , PATR 1951 (August 1953) 21)B.Z.Zlotucha M.Baer, "The Reactivity of Explosives with Metals and Protective Finishes , PATR 2288 (May 1956) 22)M.J.Bodnar, "Bonding of Explosives to Metal with Adhesives, PATR 2412 (June 1957) 23)M.C.StCyr, "Compatibility of Explosives with Polymers , PATR 2595 (March 1959) 24)Anonymous, "Compatibility of Rocket Propellants with Materials of Construction , DMIC Memo 65, Defense Metals Information Center, Battelle Memorial Institute (Sept I96O) (PB No 161215) 25)K-Schriever, " A New Apparatus for the Determination of the Chemical Stability of Powders and Explosives , Explosivstoffe... 

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