Fuels rocket propellant

Adhesion between the propellant and the case in solid rocket fuel propellants was studied. The adhesion mechanisms between an inert propellant (a highly filled PU, based on hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene prepolymer, diisocyanate and inert loadings) and a liner of the same nature of prepolymer, diisocyanate, chain extenders and carbon black were investigated. The interfacial properties were found to be influenced by the properties of the prepolymer used. The adhesion of the assembly was only slightly affected by the state of cure of the liner before propellant coating. In peel tests, cohesive failure occurred in the propellant near the interface, IR spectrometry of the propellant surface after separation showed the formation of an interphase in the propellant, dependant on the prepolymer. 3 refs. 

A common colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure, propene is generally produced from coal or petroleum and is a nonrenewable resource. However, it can be used in combination with hydrogen peroxide (H Oj) and employed as an inexpensive rocket fuel propellant. Alkenes can also form branched compounds, just as the alkanes (Figure 4.11). However, in the case of the alkene, the main part of the name is always the portion containing the double bond. And, it is important to identify the carbon atom from which the branch comes. Some examples of the names... 

Specially designed impervious suits, eg. Level A suits, are utili2ed by workers handling some rocket fuels and other highly ha2ardous compounds (see Explosives and propellants). Barrier creams are much less effective than gloves for preventing skin contact. 

Nitrogen Oxides as Rocket Fuel Oxidants Including The Theoretical Performances of Propellant Systems Employing Nitrogen Tetroxide , JPL PR No 9-23, Cal Inst Tech, Proj No TU2-1,... 

In the first part of the twentieth century, beryhium was used as coating inside fluorescent electric hght tubes, but proved carcinogenic (causes cancer) when broken tubes produced beryllium dust that was inhaled. Because of this potential to cause cancer, since 1949 berylhum has no longer been used as the inside coating of fluorescent tubes. Beryllium is also used for computer parts, electrical instrument components, and solid propellant rocket fuels. Because it is one of the few metals that is transparent to X-rays, it is used to make special glass for X-ray equipment. 

Zinc dust (Zn) is not a compound but a gray powder that is used as a pigment and acts as an excellent reducing agent and catalyst. It is dangerous because it can explode when exposed to moist air and may heat up and ignite spontaneously. When mixed with dry, powdered sulfur, it makes an excellent dry propellant-type rocket fuel, but is dangerous to handle. 

Kubota, N., and Kuwahara, T., Energetic Solid Fuels for Ducted Rockets (1), Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol. 16, pp. 51-54, 1991. 

Ringuette, S., Dubois, C., and Stowe, R., On the Optimization of GAP-Based Ducted Rocket Fuels from Gas Generator Exhaust Characterization, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol. 25, 2001,... 

The use of N2H<, as a hypergolic rocket fuel is described under the topic Hypergolic Propellants in this Vol. Another major research effort has seen the development of hydrazine thruster rockets based upon the catalytic de-... 

Rocket fuel Ammonium perchlorate. Aluminum powder. Ground PVC intetrahydrofuran Improvised projectile propellant... 

The strength of alcohol commonly used in the US is 95% (190 proof), while 96% is used in Europe. For prepn of perfumes the 70% alcobol is used. TTie so-called absolute alcobol (200 proof) is at least 99% and its use is restricted. to analytical purposes or research. The so-called industrial alcohol is unfit to drink because it contains up to 5% methanol (wood alcohol) or benzene. Such alcohol is known as denatured and it is briefly described in Vol 3 of Encycl, p D63-R. Denatured alcohol is used as a solvent for expls, rocket fuels, rubbers, detergents, etc. Mixture of 1 part alcobol with 2 parts eth (described in Vol 5 of Encycl as Diethyl Ether) used as a solvent in dehydration of Pyrocellulose in manuf of single-base propint, such as described in Davis (Ref 2) and also on p C399 of Vol 3 of Encycl, under "Colloiding Agents and Colloidal Propellants ... 

In conventional rocket engines, propellant distribution tends to be non-uniform across the injector face. Furthermore, relatively large changes in flow velocity may be associated with small fluctuations in supply pressures (4). Improved distribution of fuel and oxidizer across the injector face may be achieved by using orifice designs in which fully turbulent flow is attained reproducibly (4, 18). 

Another rapidly developing branch of applied science is theory and practice of rocket propulsion. Only general information on composition of rocket propellants is given in the book. This is justified, as several special books on rocket fuel are now available. 

Aerojet Engineering Corporation, Axuso, California (A subsidiary of General Tirr j Rubber Co). This company has had a number of US Govt contracts, mainly to develop rockets, jatos, rocket fuels, etc Aerojet Propellants and Other Substances prepd by the Aerojet Coip are described in numerous reports, many of which are dassi-... 

Rocket Fuels and Propellants. See under Liquid Propellants in Vol 6, L34-R to L44-R, and Propellants, Solid in Vol ft, P402-L ff... 

Tonka. A liq rocket fuel (see under Liquid Propellants in Vol 7, L36-R). Ref 1 states that it consisted of 1 p triethylamine and 2p xylidine, while Ref 2 lists its ingredients as aniline plus dimethylaniline as the fuel with nitric acid as oxidizer... 

AK-14 and AK-14(Mod 1) Rocket Fuel Oxidizer are described in confidential "Propellant Manual, SPIA/M2, Johns Hopkins Univ, Silver Spring, Md( 1959),Unit Nos 1 352... 

Perchlorates are the most oxidized of the salts of the chlorooxyacids. Although perchlorates are not particularly toxic, ammonium perchlorate (NH4C104) should be mentioned because it is a powerful oxidizer and reactive chemical produced in large quantities as a fuel oxidizer in solid rocket fuels. Each of the U.S. space shuttle booster rockets contains about 350,000 kg of ammonium perchlorate in its propellant mixture. By 1988, U.S. consumption of ammonium perchlorate for rocket fuel uses was of the order of 24 million kg/year. In May 1988, a series of massive explosions in Henderson, Nevada, demolished one of only two plants producing ammonium perchlorate for the U.S. space shuttle, MX missile, and other applications, so that supplies were severely curtailed. The plant has since been rebuilt. 

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