Liquid propellants rocket

The compressibilities specific heat ratios of some rocket propellants liquids such as hydrazine, JP-3, JP-4 WFNA (white fuming nitric acid)] are reported by Kretschmar (Ref 3)... 

Dimeihylamine, C2H7N, (CH3)2NH. Colourless, inflammable liquid with an ammoniacal odour, mp -96" C, b.p. 7°C. Occurs naturally in herring brine. Prepared in the laboratory by treating nitrosodimetbyl-aniline with a hot solution of sodium hydroxide. Dimethylamine is largely used in the manufacture of other chemicals. These include the solvents dimethylacetamide and dimethyl-formamide, the rocket propellant unsym-metrical dimethylhydrazine, surface-active agents, herbicides, fungicides and rubber accelerators. 

First successful launch of a rocket propelled by liquid H2/liquid Ch (Cape Kennedy, LISA). 

Although modern chemistry allows development of even more effective rocket propellants, energy efficiency is not the only consideration factor. For example, fluorine and its derivatives arc better oxidizers than oxygen, but their extreme toxicity make them environmentally dangerous. The same concerns prevent the use of beryllium hydride—an excellent fuel that combines high density with the energy efficiency comparable to liquid hydrogen. 

Jensen, Chemical Rocket Propellant Hazards. Volume III. Liquid Propellant Handling, Storage and Transportation , CPIA-Pub-194, Contract No NOW-62-0604 (1970) 29) J.A. Letos,... 

Materials Compatibility With Liquid Rocket Propellants , Rept No DZ-113073-1, Boeing Co, Seattle, Wash, ASD (1970) 30) N.C. Paul,... 

F.E.C. Culick and V. Yang. Overview of combustion instabilities in liquid-propellant rocket engines. Liquid Rocket Engine Combustion Instability. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol. 169, pp. 3-37, Chapter 1, AIAA, 1995. 

Ignition and Combustion of Solid Rocket Propellants Robert S. Brown, Ralph Anderson, and Larry J. Shannon Gas-Liquid-Particle Operations in Chemical Reaction Engineering Knud Ostergaard... 

See Dichlorine oxide Dicyanogen Fluorine Halogens Oxygen (Liquid) Liquefied gases Ozone Dicyanogen ROCKET PROPELLANTS... 

Monomethylhydrazine is a clear, colorless liquid used extensively in military applications as a missile and rocket propellant, in chemical power sources, and as a solvent and chemical intermediate. Upon contact with strong oxidizers (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, nitrogen tetroxide, chlorine, fluorine) spontaneous ignition may occur. 

Liquid resoles, chemical shifts of methylene carbons in, 18 775t Liquid rocket propellants, 10 726-727 Liquid rubber technology, 9 563-566 Liquid runaround systems, 10 144 Liquids. See also Nonideal liquid mixtures boiling points of, 24 2841 bulk handling of, 18 5 combustion of, 13 174 degree of fire hazardousness of, 24 284 density of, 24 282... 

Ammonium thiocyanate is used as an ingredient in antibiotic fermentations, pesticides, liquid rocket propellants, adhesives, and matches in photographic processes to improve the strength of silks in the manufacture of transparent artificial resins and as a weed killer and defoliant (Sax and Lewis 1987 Windholz 1983). 

Eluorine nitrate (FNO ) is a strong oxidizing gas or liquid. In the liquid state it explodes by shock or friction. It is used as an oxidizer for rocket propellant fuels. 

Ducted rockets are intermediate between solid rockets and liquid ramjets in their propulsion characteristics. The propulsive force of soHd rockets is generated by the combustion of propellants composed of oxidizer and fuel components. Thus, no additional fuels or oxidizers need to be introduced from the atmosphere into the rocket motor. The momentum change of the exhaust gas from the nozzle attached to the aft-end of the combustion chamber is converted into the thrust for propulsion. On the other hand, the propulsive force of Hquid ramjets is generated by the combustion of a liquid hydrocarbon fuel with air introduced from the atmo-sphere.Ii] jjjg incoming air is compressed by a shock wave formed at the air-intake attached to the front end of the combustor. The air taken in from the atmosphere serves only as the oxidizer for the ramjets. The thrust is created by the momentum difference between the exhaust gas from the combustor and the air taken in from the atmosphere. 

Petersen P, Bredahl E, Lauritsen O, Laursen T Examination of the liver in personnel working with liquid rocket propellant. Br J /wdMrd 27 141-146, 1970... 

Thiokol (structure 4.70), which was the first synthetic elastomer, was synthesized by Patrick in the 1920s, by the condensation of alkylene dichlorides and sodium polysulfides. These solvent-resistant elastomers have limited uses because of their foul odor. They can be reduced to liquid polymers that can be reoxidized to solid elastomers, which is used in caulking material and some rocket propellant formulations ... 

Nitrosyl fluoride is an oxidizer in rocket propellants. Other apphcations are in organic synthesis where it is a fluorinating agent. The compound also is a stabdizer for liquid sulfur trioxide. 

D.W. Rice, CombstnFlame 8(1), 21-8 (1964) CA 60, 14325 (1964) (Effect of compositional variables upon oscillatory combustion of solid rocket propellants) N ) R.W. Hart F.T. McClure, "Theory of Acoustic Instability in Solid Propellant Rocket Combustion , lOthSympCombstn (1965), pp 1047-65 N2) E.W. Price, "Experimental Solid Rocket Combustion Instability , Ibid, pp 1067-82 Qi) R.S. Levine, "Experimental Status of High Frequency Liquid Rocket Combustion Instability , Ibid, pp 1083-99 O2) L. Crocco,... 

Hybrid Rocket Propellants. A special proplnt combination of unlike materials, particularly of unlike physical characteristics. Typical hybrid proplnt combinations are a solid fuel (or oxidizer) in combination with a liquid oxidizer (or fuel) in tjiat order. Sometimes a grain of solid fuel is encased in the combustion chamber of a rocket engine and burned in combination with liq oxygen. Similarly, a liq fuel may be injected into a combustion chamber in contact with a solid oxidizer. Another example is the use of concentrated hydrogen peroxide and a hydrocarbon fuel. In this case, the hydrogen peroxide is converted by decompn into a hot gas contg oxygen. The fuel is injected downstream of the first reaction, mixed with the hot oxidizer-rich gas, and burns (Ref 1)... 

Both gas and liquid are very sol in water. Can be prepd by distUlation from the product of reaction of Ca fluoride (fluorspar) and sulfuric acid. Used as fluorinating agent in organic and inorganic reactions production of fluorine and A1 fluoride prepn of hydrofluoric acid production of fluoroborates, fluorosilicates, etc as an additive in liquid rocket propellants and for refining of uranium (Ref 3, p 588-R)... 

Borani — Propellenti liquidi per razzi (Liquid Rocket Propellants) consist of liquid hydrogen with boron or other light element, such as beryllium (Ref 31, p 129)... 

Propellenti per razzi (Rocket Propellants). A brief description is given by Belgrano (Ref 31, pp 128-29). They are divided into liquidi e solidi. Liquids are divided into monopropellenti and bipropellenti, and monopropellenti are subdivided into three groups ... 

Zhidokosnye Raketnye Dvigateli (Liquid Rocket Propellants), Mashinostroenie, Moscow (1968) CA 71, 126715 (1969) 28) J.N. 

Difluoramino Compounds. See Vol 5 of Encycl, p D1258-L. Mentioned in CondChemDict (1961), 805-L as powerful oxiderzers suitable for use in liquid and solid rocket propellants... 

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