Fuel oils rocket

A large part of the interest in electrostatic atomization has arisen from two fields of interest combustion of fuel oils and ion propulsion of rockets in space. Work in the latter area has been concerned primarily with atomization at high vacuum (10-8 atm) as in the work of Cohen (C5), Hogan (HI2, 13), Hendricks (H6), Schultz and Branson (S2), and Schultz and Wiech (S3). Graf (G8), Matthews and Mason (M3), Peskin and Raco (P3), Randall, Marshall, and Tschernitz (Rl), and Vonnegut and Neubauer (V4) have been concerned primarily with atomization at atmospheric pressure. Most of the... 

Hazard class 1.1 rocket propellant, containing explosives such as NG, NC, and HMX, has been remanufactured into 2 lb booster charges used to initiate ammonium nitrate/fuel oil or slurry explosives. Plastic-bonded explosives have been granulated and reused to make charges for metal bonding and forming applications. 

Products can be found in every principal market area including rocket motor and shell casings, air and gas pressure tanks, aircraft wing fuel tanks, utihty poles, automotive and tmck drive shafts, sailboat masts, vaulting poles, fishing rods, golf shafts, railroad tanks cars, and pipes and tanks for oil, gas, and chemical processing. 

Hydrogen has widespread use in ammonia synthesis and welding, as rocket fuel, reducing agent (e.g. for fats, desulfurization of oil products, etc.). H2 is the promising fuel of the future hydrogen engines, fuel cells, and maybe even nuclear fusion. 

Its compounds have many practical uses. For example, when the mineral barite is ground up into a fine powder, it can be used as a filler and brightener for writing and computer paper. It is also used (along with zinc sulfide) as a pigment, called lithopone, for white paint. Barium compounds are also used in the manufacture of plastics, rubber, resins, ceramics, rocket fuel, fireworks, insecticides, and fungicides and to refine vegetable oils. 

At the same time binders were introduced which gave mechanical integrety to the grains as well as acting as fuels. The list of fuel/binders used in solid propellant rockets is extensive and has ranged from as-phalt/oil mixtures to polybutadiene rubbers. 

Table 3.3 gives the total uses of hydrogen. Ammonia production is by far the most important application, followed by methanol manufacture. Hydrogenations in petroleum refineries are an important use. Many other industries utilize hydrogen. Miscellaneous uses include hydrogenation of fats and oils in the food industry, reduction of the oxides of metals to the free metals, pure hydrogen chloride manufacture, and liquid hydrogen as rocket fuel. 

P. Chereau, FrP 1318773 (1963) CA 58, 13702 (1963), claims rocket fuel or incendiary composed of a combustible metal, eg, Al, Mg, or Li or a liquid fuel such as kerosine, in fine grains or droplets encapsulated in situ by formation of a polymer skin. Thus, 0.18 of 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate is dissolved in 41.8g of paraffin oil. A portion (24.5g) of this mixt is added drop by drop to a stirred soln contg 2g of ethylene glycol in 250g water. Discrete spherical particles... 

Kerosene (Kerosine, Coal Oil, Astral Oil). A mixt of petroleum hydrocarbons, chiefly of the methane series having from 1Q to 16 carbon atoms per molecule. It constitutes the fifth fraction in the distn of petroleum, after the petroleum ethers and before the oils. Pale yel or w-white, mobile liq characteristic, not altogether disagreeable odor bp 175-325°, flash pt 150-185°F, d about 0.80g/cc. Insol in w, misc with other petroleum solvents. Besides uses as a fuel, illuminant and cleansing agent, it is used as a rocket and jet engine fuel (Refs 1, 3 4)... 

Aluminum Dust in Rocket Propellants. The possibility of using Al dust as a fuel ingredient of rocket propellants was investigated by Stettbacher. The dust, was mixed with liq hydrocarbons such as benz, mineral Oil, etc, and liq oxygen was added as an oxidizer. 

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