Rocket experiments studies

This paper will concentrate on the unique requirements of aeronomic spectroscopy and on the application of image devices to these measurements. Spectrometer 1, Table I, was developed for rocket experiments intended to measure the NIR absorption spectra of 1 0 and 02 molecules in the middle atmosphere. A photodiode array was used as the spectrometric sensor. With this spectrometer we were able to measure the NIR solar radiation spectrum with an altitude resolution better than 2 km. Spectrometer 2, Table I, was basically of the same design as spectrometer 1, except that an image intensifier was optically coupled to the diode array to permit low light-level measurements. The resolution of this spectrometer was adequate for measurements of rotational profiles of the A-band absorption spectra of 02 molecules. We were able to measure the rotational temperature of oxygen molecules, in the stratosphere and the lower mesosphere with an accuracy of + 1.5°, and a spatial resolution better than 2 km. These experiments provided the basis for study of the dynamic processes of atmospheric molecules. Spectrometer 3,... 

The ablation of ultra-high temperature materials is often associated severe thermal shock due to their particular work environments (like rocket nozzle, nose caps and rudders). The evaluation of the ablation/thermal shock properties of these materials are usually tested with rocket motors (Yu, 1991). Since the rocket experiments are so expensive, some alternative methods are employed to study the ablation/thermal shock in order to reduce the cost and obtain primary evaluation of materials. The oxyacetylene method is cheap and easily performed, consequently is widely used. 

Alfred Stock (1876-1946) studied the hydrides of some of these metal-like elements. A hydride occurs when hydrogen gains (or shares) an electron rather than losing its single electron when it combines with metals or metallic-like elements. Stock spent years experimenting with boron hydrides (B Hg and BH ), which were used as hydrogen-based rocket fuels powerful enough to lift rockets into space. 

This article reports on new instrumentation for measuring spectra in rocket, balloon, and spacecraft observations. In the past, most optical measurements, performed in aeronomic optical experiments, were obtained with bandpass filter photometers. However, there are many advantages to measurements of whole spectra, i.e., more informative data can be obtained. For example least-squares curve fitting techniques can be used to obtain more accurate interpretations, rotational and vibrational temperatures can be calculated and dynamic molecular processes can be studied. 

Stern s research has taken him to the South Pole, to a number of major astronomical observatories, and to the upper atmosphere aboard high-performance military aircraft. His areas of interest include spacecraft rendezvous theory, terrestrial polar mesospheric clouds, galactic astrophysics, and tenuous satellite atmospheres. He has been principal investigator for a number of space projects, including the European Space Agency s Rosetta/ ALICE Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer Experiment (a mission to study Comet 46P/Wirtanen), two Space Shuttle projects, three airborne research projects, and two research rocket projects. In 1995, Stern was selected to be a Space Shuttle Mission Specialist finalist for a forthcoming flight. 

Though, several multicenter studies that used substantial numbers of patients in comparing CT colonography to colonoscopy (Pickhardt et al. 2003 Cotton et al. 2004 Rocket et al. 2005) have reported controversial results. These controversial results have led to speculations about their cause the bowel preparation (with or without oral contrast), the scanning parameters (5 mm vs. thinner), the role of the experience of the reviewer, the review method (primary 2D or primary 3D), etc. It is striking, though, that the comparative study that reported the highest sensitivity had used a primary 3D review approach (Pickhardt et al. 2003), whereas two studies with the lower sensitivity used a primary 2D review method. 

In order to study poly(n-butyl acrylate) fronts, Pojman et al. added ultrafine silica gel to increase the monomer viscosity (74). To determine the inherent molecular weight distribution (MWD) of poly(n-butyl acrylate) produced frontally, it was necessary to perform a front without silica gel. Because of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, the only way to accomplish this with a thermoplastic-forming monomer such as n-butyl acrylate is to eliminate the driving force for the collapse of the more dense polymer layer, i.e., eliminate the force of gravity. An experiment was launched on the 1996 Conquest / rocket... 

In many situations in industrial chemistry, some important measured property of a product is a function of the proportions in which a set of p ingredients or components is represented in a mixture leading to the product. For example, case studies in the literature have covered subjects ranging from octanes of gasoline blends, discussed by Snee to strengths of different formulations of ABS pipe compound, treated in Koons and Wilt to aftertaste intensities of different blends of artificial sweeteners used in an athletic sport drink, discussed by Cornell to moduli of elasticity of different rocket propellant formulations, considered by Kurotori. For experimenting in such contexts, special statistical techniques are needed. These tools have been discussed at length by Cornell, and our purpose here is not to... 

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