Financial

Financial factors must be considered because the funds available might have to cover the cost of instrumentation, a specialized laboratory, or the salary of a dedicated expert to run the instrument. Sometimes financial issues can be the dominant reason why a technique is purchased, and it certainly has been a big factor in the relatively slow acceptance of ICP-MS. 

Going through these basic steps could possibly have narrowed the field to one technique or another. At this point, it may become clear that ICP-MS is the right technique. However, if this is not the case and there is still more than one candidate technique, a detailed comparison should be made to make the final selection. The following criteria should be used as a guideline to help in this final selection process  

The detection limits achievable for individual elements represent a significant criterion of the selection of an analytical technique for a given application problem. Without adequate detection limit capabilities, lengthy analyte concentration procedures 

Practical Guide to ICP-MS A Tutorial for Beginners, Second Edition 

FIGURE 20.2 Typical detection limit ranges for major atomic spectroscopy techniques. 

The purpose of this exercise is to establish at what SIL this design needs to be maintained. As explained before, the SIL analysis will be conducted for all three different scenarios (1) financial, (2) health and safety, and (3) environment and asset. 

Production loss (4 weeks) = 1,400,000 barrels Cost (50 US /barrel) = 70 million US  

Actual loss (assumed 20% of above cost) = 14 million US  

Financial loss = major Consequence severity (Table 4.22) = 2 

Frequency The protection is developed using the 2003 voting system. This type of design will have a failure rate in the range of 0.1 to 0.01. From Table 4.21, the frequency will be B. 

A toller with a good histoiy of HS E performance is able to obtain advantageous insurance rates and expends less of their revenue on legal problems, thus helping with their potential for cost competitiveness in the final bid. A toller in good financial standing is more likely to expend capital to install adequate safeguards. 

Companies assessing tollers have at least two tools that may help with this first screening. They are  

Both can be accessed through the Knight-Ridder Information Services—DIALOG Services Database Catalogue. 

The Duns Financial Records Plus (DFR) database provides a balance sheet, income statement, and fourteen of the more widely used business ratios for measuring solvency, efficiency, and profitability. DFR also provides industiy norms and percentages that can be used to compare a toller s financial position to that of their 

The Predicasts Overview of Markets and Technologies (PROMT) is a database that provides international coverage of companies, products, markets, and applied technologies for industries. PROMT abstracts more than 1000 worldwide business publications. PROMT derives information from  

This will include information abont the elemental requirements, such as what detection limits and concentration ranges are expected, and how much accuracy and precision are required. This will also include sample information, such as how many samples are expected and at what freqnency, how much time can be spent on sample preparation, and how quickly they must be analyzed. Sometimes the amount of available sample or whether interferences from the matrix components have a major impact on analysis will dictate the selection. 

Installation factors might include the size of the instrument, how much laboratory space is required, what services are necessary, or how clean the laboratory and the sample preparation environment should be. As mentioned in Chapter 15, this is a major consideration if ICP-MS is the technique of choice. 

This will tell you the required skill level of the operator, how easy the instrument is to use, or what training is reqnired. The expertise of the operator should not be underestimated if ICP-MS is being seriously considered, because it generally requires an analyst with a higher skill level to develop rugged methodology that can be put in the hands of a novice user. 

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Usually a company will have a portfolio of assets which are at different stages of the described life cycle. Proper management of the asset base will allow optimisation of financial, technical and human resources. 

The objective of appraisal activity is not necessarily to prove more hydrocarbons. For example, appraisal activity which determines that a discovery is non-commercial should be considered as worthwhile, since it saves a financial loss which would have been incurred if development had taken place without appraisal. 

Petroleum economics provides the tools with which to quantify and assess the financial risks involved in field exploration, appraisal and development, and allows a consistent approach with which alternative investments can be compared. The techniques are applied to advise management on the attractiveness of such investment opportunities, to assist in selecting the best options, and to determine how to maximise the value of existing assets. 

The economic lifetime was introduced in Section 13.3, and was defined as the point at which the annual cashflow turned permanently negative. This is the time at which income from production no longer exceeds the costs of production, and marks the point when decommissioning should occur, since it does not make economic sense to continue to run a loss-making venture. Technically, the production of hydrocarbons could continue beyond this point but only by accepting financial losses. There are two ways to defer decommissioning ... 

Part of this work has been carried in the frame of BRITE-EURAM Project 6056 SIMON , with the financial support of the EU Commission. 

The financial support of the EU Commission to the in-plant testing and validation work packages, in the frame ofthe BRITE-EURAM Project 6056 "SIMON" is gratefully acknowledged. 

The financial support of the UE Commission to the work presented in this paper, in the frame of the BRFTE-EURAM Project 6056 "SIMON", is gratefully acknowledged. 

Alternatively, those at the other end of the market speak proudly of their own exclusive server But the true financial costs of this can range from US 30-100 thousand annually. Costs increase (rapidly) with the sophistication of functions offered. On the other hand, increased function is the reason for buying a server ... 

We wish to thank all our colleagues who collaborated with us in the calculations presented in the calculations presented in this chapter. One of us (M.P.) likes to thank the Deutsche Forschungsge-meinschaft for financial support. 

This project began in the summer of 1992 with the support of a course development grant from DePauw University s Faculty Development Fund. Additional financial support from DePauw University s Presidential Discretionary Fund also is acknowledged. Portions of the first draff were written during a sabbatical leave in the Fall semester of the 1993/94 academic year. A Fisher Fellowship provided release time during the Fall 1995 semester to complete the manuscript s second draff. 

Sir Joseph Swan, as a result of his quest for carbon fiber for lamp filaments (2), learned how to denitrate nitrocellulose using ammonium sulfide. In 1885 he exhibited the first textiles made from this new artificial sHk, but with carbon fiber being his main theme he failed to foUow up on the textile possibihties. Meanwhile Count Hilaire de Chardoimet (3) was researching the nitrocellulose route and had perfected his first fibers and textiles in time for the Paris Exhibition in 1889. There he got the necessary financial backing for the first Chardoimet silk factory in Besancon in 1890. His process involved treating mulberry leaves with nitric and sulfuric acids to form cellulose nitrate which could be dissolved in ether and alcohol. This collodion solution could be extmded through holes in a spinneret into warm air where solvent evaporation led to the formation of soHd cellulose nitrate filaments. 

Each year, Americans report over three million fires leading to 29,000 injuries and 4,500 deaths (1). The direct property losses exceed 8 biUion (1) and the total annual cost to our society has been estimated at over 100 biUion (2). Personal losses occur mosdy in residences where furniture, wall coverings, and clothes are frequently the fuel. Large financial losses occur in commercial stmctures such as office buildings and warehouses. Fires also occur in airplanes, buses, and trains. 

Cmde oil can be easily separated into its principal products, ie, gasoline, distillate fuels, and residual fuels, by simple distillation. However, neither the amounts nor quaUty of these natural products matches demand. The refining industry has devoted considerable research and engineering effort as well as financial resources to convert naturally occurring molecules into acceptable fuels. Industry s main challenge has been to devise new ways to meet the tremendous demand for gasoline without, at the same time, overproducing other petroleum products. 

Data-Star. This is Europe s leading on-line database service (39) and covers worldwide business news, financial information, market research, trade statistics, business analysis, healthcare / pharmaceuticals, chemicals / petrochemicals, chemical industry, biomedicine /life science, biotechnology, and technology, with an emphasis on Europe. It was originally formed as a joint venture among BRS, Predicasts, and Radio Suisse (the Swiss telecommunications company) (37). Data-Star offers access to about 300 bibliographic, abstract, directory, and fuU-text on-line databases, of which approximately 150 are also available on Dialog (40). 

DISCLOSURE DATABASE Disclosure Inc. BRS, Data-Star, Dialog, Dowjones, Lexis financial statement... 

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