Financial attributes

The first concerns the desire to establish a link between environmental performance and financial attributes such as share value. In this respect, the WBCSD supported a study on financing change, which investigated whether financial markets must always encourage a short-term, proht-hrst-and-last mentality, or whether they can reward companies that pay particular attention to their environmental responsibilities. 

Many factors influence how a policy is implemented and whether it achieves its objectives effectively. Experience in policy implementation in many areas indicate the importance of good organization. A number of organizational attributes, such as a sound structure, efficient procedures, well-trained personnel and adequate financial resources, are considered cmcial for effective policy execution (18, 19, 20, 21). 

Returning to our discussion of benefits, we note that they fell into two principal areas the time-value of information and the improvement in laboratory productivity. As we saw, assessing the benefits from the time-value of information requires examination of the total process through which that information will be used. For example, using data such as the anticipated improvement in laboratory turn around time, the rate at which material Is produced and its value, and the current the financial losses attributable to scrap or rework, one can estimate the savings in dollars to be accrued (each hour of faulty production avoided through faster lab turnaround time yields as a gain to the firm, the revenue that otherwise would have been lost). 

This is a fair summary of the attractions offered to would-be volunteers. (Civilian investigators also frequently provide generous financial inducements to attract volunteers for their drug studies.) But our volunteers did not receive any additional privileges or compensation for participating in two or more different experiments. Subjects who had already experienced the delirium produced by BZ were often willing (or even offered) to repeat the experience two weeks later. Asked to put a price on a second consent, one man said 25. This willingness can hardly be attributed to the previously mentioned inducements, since they were already earned. 

Conceptually and administratively, the most substantial problems are with setting the public subsidy. We have discussed a limited subsidy plan not mentioned in the lOM report, which would be set only at the level of estimated medical and financial externalities. Such a subsidy would address the main market failure attributable to individuals not taking account of the benefit to others when they are vaccinated, which is likely to be reflected in insufficient demand for vaccinations as a covered private health insurance benefit. 

In contrast to the estimates of the costs of REACH, no financial estimates of the health and environmental benefits of REACH were made by the impact assessment the report pointed out that the lack of knowledge about exposure to and the effects of chemicals - a knowledge gap that REACH is intended to fill — makes quantitative assessment of them impossible. But the report does say that the evidence available supports the assessment that the health burden related to chemicals is considerable (CEC, 2003, p25) and that it seems that the impacts of chemicals on the environment are potentially large (CEC, 2003, p26). However, a calculation of the monetary value of possible health benefits was made as an illustration assuming 1 per cent of disease is attributable to chemicals, and that this would be reduced by 10 per cent following the implementation of REACH, 45,000 disability adjusted life years (DALYs) of disease would be avoided every year. This is equivalent to 4500 lives per year, assuming 10 DALYs is equivalent to one mortal-... 

The Financial Times wrote, "insider trading is rampant. . . . These flurries may be attributable to leaks by clerks, secretaries and translators, rather than to insider trading at the top. But who can blame these lesser lights when Mr John Marden is still chairman of Wheelock Marden, still sits on the board of the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank, is still a pillar of respectable colonial society " (4)... 

The contract not only carefully documented how much money was changing hands, but also stipulated that Wagenmann would be fully responsible for all of the expenses incurred should he eventually fail. By attributing financial responsibility for a failed process to the alchemist, contracts like Wagenmann s minimized the patron s financial risk in supporting the project. 

The most consistent outlet for chlorine will continue to be vinyl chloride, and future growth is tied to its fortunes. With its wide variety of uses, caustic soda demand generally reflects the health of the entire U.S. economy. The unpredictable financial returns attributable to the co-products will make it very difficult for producers to manage the large capital outlays required as aging diaphragm plants are replaced by membrane facilities. 

There are several differences in the financial assumptions. The H2A real after-tax discount rate is 10%, whereas in this study the real after tax discount rate is 6%. The variation is attributable to differences in the capital structure for investments. The H2A uses a 100%-equity capital structure, whereas this study uses a capital structure of 30% equity capital and 70%-debt capital. The cost of debt is 10% for the H2A default value for 7% (30-year coupon bond) for this study. The tax rate is the same in both studies. The H2A assumptions include an inflation factor of 1.29%, while this study does not include an inflation factor, which is explained in Appendix 2. The net effect of these differences in financial assumptions is a lower levelized H2 pump price estimate for this study compared to the levelized H2 pump price under the H2A financial assumptions. 

Chief compliance officers should be familiar with reimbursement issues and the laws regarding corporate compliance experience in areas such as quality assurance and risk assessment is also helpful. One of the key attributes of chief compliance officers is their independence. For this reason, the OIG recommends that the chief compliance officer be someone other than the company s general counsel or chief financial officer in order to establish a system of checks and balances. 

An energy policy must contemplate and accommodate market realities. An AFV must provide all the customer-desired attributes of conventionally fueled vehicles at a competitive cost, and with minimal inconveniences, such as prolonged refueling time, widespread availability of fuel, and other factors. Financial incentives from governments can be helpful in the introductory phases of an alternative fuel program, but they must have a finite lifetime, and the technology must compete on an even footing in the marketplace if it is to achieve widespread market penetration. 

Provision for indemnity or compensation in the event of injury or death of subjects attributable to the clinical trial, and for insurance or indemnity to cover liability of the investigator and sponsor must be described. The financial arrangements for rewarding or compensating investigators and trial subjects and relevant aspects between the sponsor and site and arrangements for recruiting subjects are to be documented. 

It is difficult to disentangle the effects of the NMW, tax credits and the New Deals. One study of the impact of such policy changes on the lone parent employment rate, which had increased from 42% in 1992 to 56% in 2005, concluded that five points of that 14 point rise could be attributed to the policy reforms implemented between 1999 and 2002 (Gregg et al. 2006). An independent review, commissioned by DWP, suggests that by 2004/2005 the combination of increased financial support for children, the extension of child care facilities, making work pay , and the increase in lone parent and general employment rates had helped lift 700,000 children out of poverty (Harker 2006). 

As with financial reporting, it is considered that qualitative attributes have an important part to play with regard to user-friendliness of environmental reporting. The CERES has attempted to identify the main qualitative features with a brief explanation of their relevance ... 

The literature does not support a direct neurotoxic effect of PBBs of psychiatric importance. Most authors attribute the depression experienced by Michigan farm families to the financial losses inflicted by the disaster. Adult exposures occurred only during a 4-year period from 1977 to 1981, and their evaluations contained no objective measures of neurotoxic injury. Studies of exposed workers in PBB plants have been done, but their exposures were primarily dermal, not by ingestion, as experienced by the Michigan residents. 

---