Consequence financial

Utilities include the costs of electricity, generating steam, cooling water etc., and emphasises the importance of good equipment and efficient processing and energy-audits for energy conservation and consequent financial savings. 

The problems associated with preparing one s own media have led to all but the largest users buying Xl or XlO medium from commercial suppliers. This removes the need for exhaustive checking with the discovery of occasional unsatisfactory batches and consequent financial loss. 

The spoilage of medicines as a result of microbial contamination, although obviously undesirable, has as its main consequence financial loss rather than ill health on the part of the patient. The other major problem posed by microbial contamination of medicines, that of the risk of initiating infection, although uncommon, is far more important in terms of risk to the patient and possible loss of life (Chapters 7 and 16). Infections arising by this means also have financial implications, of course, not only in additional treatment costs but in terms of product recalls, possible litigation and damage to the reputation of the manufacturer. 

As a consequence, there is a general reluctance in the financial community to support the construction of new nuclear plants. 

Continuous monitoring is necessary on critical machines where problems can develop rapidly and have severe financial consequences. Typical machines in this category are unspared process compressors. Remotely located machinery such as pipeline gas compressors also require continuous monitoring. Also, continuous monitoring may be dictated by safety considerations. Even though the cost of a failure is small, machines should be continuously monitored if a failure will result in hazards to personnel. Figure 8-38 depicts a typical continuous monitoring system. 

The extent of this should be inversely proportional to the manufact " ers experience and directly proportional to the financial consequence lost production. For example, blank gear sets will allow speed char Material for guide vanes and impellers will accommodate modificati to aerodynamic performance. Spare material will offset the risk of rna ial dofcct. 

Other Titles - The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 continue the federal acid rain research program and contain several provisions relating to research, development and air monitoring. They also contain provisions to provide additional unemployment benefits through the Job Training Partnership Act to workers laid off as a consequence of compliance with the Clean Air Act. The Act also contains provisions to improve visibility near National Parks and other parts of the country. Strict enforcement of the Clean Air Act Amendments is the driving force behind pollution abatement. Non-compliance is simply not an option, since there are both financial and criminal liabilities that outweigh any benefits derived from a business. 

Risk iuialysis of accidents serves a dual purpose. It estimates tlie probability tliat iui accident will occur and also assesses the severity of the consequences of an accident. Consequences may include dmnage to tlie surrounding enviromnent, financial loss, injury to life and/or deatli. This Part of the book (Part IV) is primarily concerned witli tlie metliods used to identify liazards and causes and consequences of accidents. Issues dealing witli healtli risks have been explored in die previous Part (III). Risk assessment of accidents provides an effective way to help ensure eidier diat a mishap will not occur or reduces the likelihood of an accident. The result of die risk assessment also allows concerned parties to take precautions to prevent an accident before it happens. 

Risk is defined as tlie product of two factors (1) tlie probability of an undesirable event and (2) tlie measured consequences of the undesirable event. Measured consequences may be stated in terms of financial loss, injuries, deatlis, or Ollier variables. Failure represents an inability to perform some required function. Reliability is the probability that a system or one of its components will perform its intended function mider certain conditions for a specified period. Tlie reliability of a system and its probability of failure are complementary in tlie sense tliat the sum of these two probabilities is unity. This cluipler considers basic concepts and llieorenis of probability tliat find application in tlie estimation of risk and reliability. 

This level of financial impact is clearly not of same order for operators of small HW boilers, LP steam units, or light industrial firebox boilers, but the principle remains the same. Consequently, boiler operating practice should be designed to enable units to remain as clean as possible, for as long as possible. But where the boiler is dirty or shows... 

Traditionally, insurance is the main mechanisms available to individuals and business to manage the financial consequences of risky events, such as natural hazards like windstorms and floods. Insurance companies used to work making each individual or business pay a premium to protect themselves against an uncertain loss. The premium is calculated by pooling risks across a large and diverse population considering the pool s expected losses. 

At the time Kladko s article (5) was prepared, market conditions dictated that it would not be financially remunerative to develop a continuous process for producing B by the reaction discussed in Illustration 10.1 and other illustrations in this chapter. Consequently they considered the possibility of using a semibatch... 

If data are produced which are not fit for their intended purpose, there is both the financial penalty and the possible legal penalty to be considered. For instance, if a manufacturer of pharmaceuticals produces a pharmaceutical tablet containing the incorrect amount of active ingredient, the consequences could be disastrous, causing, in the worst circumstances, loss of life. 

Ameille, J. et al., Consequences of occupational asthma on employment and financial status a follow-up study, Eur. Respir. J., 10, 55, 1997. 

The scenarios that have been selected as most optimal in terms of technical and environmental criteria finally have to be assessed with respect to financial consequences. Capital costs and operating costs have to be compared with the costs that are considered financially feasible. 

By establishing the role of money as a condition for expanded reproduction, a foundation is provided for exploring the circumstances under which there might be economic crisis. This monetary perspective has been largely neglected by official Marxian economics, with the main focus on real analysis (see Arnon 1994 355). For Pollin (1994 101), Marxian economics had until recently almost completely overlooked monetary and financial phenomena. Similarly, Hein (2002 1) argues that attempts to reconstruct Marx s theory of money and credit remained without major consequences for Marxian theories of accumulation and crisis . And for Crotty (1985 45),... 

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